The Transformation Process of Chili Auction Market From Conventional to Digital in Kulonprogo Regency, Indonesia

The auction market of chili in the Kulon Progo Regency has proven to have many benefits to the farmers. The competition among traders in the auction market will elevate the price, making it more profitable to the farmers. However, there are still opportunities to improve the auction market performance. This study was intended to help determine the efficiency of the auction market of chili in the sandy coastal area and its determinant factors. The research was conducted from April to July 2018. The respondents were 13managers of all auction markets in the sandy coastal area of KulonProgo Regency. The research used the Data Envelopment Analysis to know the efficiency of the auction market and binary logistic methods for analyzing its determinant factors. The study showed that most of the auction markets were not efficient. There were only 2 efficient auction markets, namely Auction Group 5 and Gisik Pranaji. This was due to the fact that the two auction markets had complete supporting infrastructure and management training. Both of the auction markets’ managers also had a good partnership with the traders in other cities. Meanwhile, the main problem of the inefficient auction market was getting a low selling price in the harvest season. The determining factor of efficiency is the managers’ experience in farming. In fact, managers with long working experience have an impact on their creativity to develop the auction market. This is because such managers with a long experience of chili farming will understand market conditions. The experience is also beneficial for the managers in establishing partnerships with buyers. The other variable, the auction markets’ capital, did not affect probability of the auction market to increase their efficiency. To increase their efficiency, it is necessary for the auction markets’ manager to follow thevarious management trainingand formal education.

This study aims to describe the auction market mechanism for red chili in Indonesia’s production hub of Yogyakarta and assess its efficacy. This study’s location was determined in Kulonprogo Regency, a red chili-producing hub in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. There were seven auction markets in Kulonprogo Regency, of which three were selected for operating at the time of the study and were located in Panjatan District. This study was conducted in 2021, with a sample of 50 red chili farmers, who were active participants in three red chili auction markets. In addition to red chili producers, three auction market administrators were interviewed for this study. The data were analyzed descriptively using images and tables. The red chili auction market mechanism began with farmers delivering red chilies, followed by gross weighing, sorting and grading, net weighing, the auction process, the announcement of auction winners, packaging, transportation, payment, and distribution of sales results. The effectiveness of the red chili auction markets in the Yogyakarta production center was rated as high for three indicators: auction market output, auction market flexibility, and the presence or absence of tension in the auction markets.

Institutions in the community have an essential role in agricultural development and the success of farming businesses. Governance of agricultural institutions is also important to support farming development. This research was done in Bantul and Kulon Progo Regency with the aims of (1) Describing the institutions of coastal sandy farming land area, (2) Knowing the relation between agricultural institutions and agricultural development, and (3) Comparing the governance of institutions on coastal sandy farming land for developing agricultural innovations. The method used in this research is descriptive, analytical approach, and comparison with the type of qualitative research. Informants in this study were administrators and members of the Farmers Group, Farmers Group Association and Auction Market in Sanden Sub-District, Bantul Regency and Panjatan Sub-District, Kulon Progo Regency. The result of this study indicates the fact that agricultural cultivation in Bantul Regency and Kulon Progo Regency has a relation to agricultural development by making existing institutions related to innovation. Institutions of coastal sandy farming land in Bantul Regency and Kulon Progo Regency are supported by institutional components, such as norms and regulations. There are several differences in institutional governance in Bantul Regency and Kulon Progo Regency in terms of some aspects namely transparency, independence, accountability, responsibility, and fairness.

<div>One of the Sido Dadi auction market weaknesses is delay payment system to farmers. This system is done by waiting for payment from the merchant if the chili has been completely sold. This situation causes farmers to be dissatisfied with the auction market services. This study intended to determine the level of farmer’s satisfaction to the Sido Dadi auction market services and its determinant factors. This research was conducted at the Sido Dadi auction market because it was the first auction market in Galur District, Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta Province. The number of respondents was 60 farmers chosen by purposive sampling. The Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and regression used to analyze the data. The results showed that farmers were satisfied with the auction market services. The determinant factors of farmer’s satisfaction are age, education level, and land area. Farmer satisfaction is in line with increasing of farmers’ age but in contrast to education and the farmer's land area. The Sido Dadi auction market needs to use of the contribution funds to complement infrastructure and held human resource development training. The auction market also needs to have a service Standard Operating Procedures for farmers. In addition, the local government officer needs to intensively provide service management training for auction market managers.</div>

<p><em>This study aims to analyze the role of auction market institutions in marketing the chili by sand land farmer community in Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta. This study was a quantitative study using questioner, interviews, and observations to collect the data. The results showed that the auction market institutions formed sand land farmer community had the effective roles in the marketing of chili including the exchange function, physical function, and the provision of infrastructure function. The existence of the auction market was able to increase the bargaining position of farmers to middlemen traders through the sale of the auction system. The concept of exchange theory in the marketing system of chili gave rewards toward the increasing of chili selling price and provided service marketing which made the work of farmers more effective. In addition, the auction market system gave sacrifices to farmers in the form of non-cash payments, but the auction market managers provided certainty of payment. The comparison between rewarded with the sacrifice still gave more value to the farmer's profit, it made the farmers repeating the marketing of chili through auction markets.</em></p>

Indonesian farmers face numerous issues when marketing their products. To overcome this, it is necessary to strengthen agricultural institutions, especially the auction market. However, many auction markets have underperformed, leaving farmers dissatisfied. This study aimed to know the farmers’ satisfaction with the Gisik Pranaji services, the oldest auction market in the sandy coastal area of Indonesia. This study was conducted in Kulon Progo Regency (Indonesia) from February to March 2020. The respondents were 60 (sixty) farmers who were chosen by purposing sampling. The analysis models used in this study are the Likert scale and customer satisfaction index. Farmers' expectations regarding the tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, and empathy attributes are still unmet. Meanwhile, the auction market will only satisfy the farmers' expectations in the assurance attribute. In general, farmers being dissatisfied with the auction market services. This issue arises due to auction market services that do not follow the Standard Operating Procedure, human error, and insufficient facilities.

Auction is one of the pricing mechanisms that has been widely applied in various fields. The auction market which was widely applied to non-agricultural goods has now developed in agriculture such as the chili auction market in Panjatan District, Kulon Progo Regency. The purpose of this study is to describe the institutional profile of the chili auction and the process of implementing the chili auction managed by farmers in Panjatan District, Kulon Progo Regency. Descriptive analysis used to analyze the institutional profile of the chili auction market and the auction process. The results showed that the institutional auction market in the District of Panjatan is an institution that is managed jointly by chili farmers in the District of Panjatan with the terms that have been mutually agreed upon. The auction mechanism is carried out in three stages, namely pre-auction activities, auction activities and post-auction activities. Determination of auction prices using the mechanism of the first price auction. This auction mechanism will minimize collusion between traders, and force traders to compete for chili supply from farmers in Panjatan District with the highest price offer that can be given.

Kulon Progo Regency is a pioneer area for organic rice production in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The Office of Agriculture provides support through the provision of various varieties of rice seeds and organic fertilizers. However, other issues can still cause crop failure, including floods, droughts, pest and disease attacks. The issue of declining rice productivity has risen due to the reliance on the habits and abilities of farmers regarding input use. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting production, technical, allocative, and economic efficiency, as well as the factors contributing to technical inefficiency of organic rice farming in Nanggulan District, Kulon Progo Regency. The respondents were 88 organic rice farmers selected using non-probability sampling through a census. Data were analyzed using the Cobb-Douglas production function, with stochastic frontier analysis. The results unveiled that the variables of land area, seeds, liquid organic fertilizer, family labor, and non-family labor exerted significant effects. Organic farmers in Nanggulan District exhibited technical efficiency, although they lacked allocative and economic efficiency. These results disclosed that technical efficiency enhancement through farm management has been effectively implemented; nonetheless, farmers’ allocation of production inputs remained suboptimal. Age and farming experience were key determinants of technical inefficiency.

Objective: The aims of this research are; (1) to explore governing the power of a neoliberal government with a people's economic orientation in improving the welfare of society; (2) to describe and explore the characteristics of a neoliberal government with a people's economic orientation in improving the welfare of society; (3) Exploring the regional government context of Kulon Progo Regency which provides space for neoliberal government practices with a people's economic orientation.
 
 Theoretical framework: Barry Ferguson defines governing power as the government's actions related to the economy where the government has a monopoly over many activities, even though the government is only one competitor of economic activity apart from business actors and society (Ferguson 2020a). This research does not use the word governance but uses the word governing from Barry Ferguson, which places the term governing as the act of government monopolizing all forms of economic activity. According to David Harvey, neoliberalism is a form of government that supports the private property rights of each individual, the supremacy of law, free market institutions, and free trade (Hervey 2007). Rizal Ramli defines neoliberalism as an economic system and policy that prioritizes economic growth, not human development (Ramli 2014). Meanwhile, Kwik Kian Gie defines neoliberalism as an economic system that does not require government intervention (Gie 2022). In this research, neoliberal government with a people's economic orientation can be seen from; (1) a regional government policy model that prioritizes economic growth, not human development (Ramli 2014); (2) a government that does not use power to empower society (Eko 2022); (3) a government that prioritizes market mechanisms rather than a small economy with limited capital (Mubyarto 2014); (4) a government that does not make the people the owner of economic sovereignty and only makes the people the object of the market; (5) a government that does not use its power to protect small communities from the onslaught of liberal capitalism. Meanwhile, a people's economy is defined as an economic system that is more oriented towards human development such as community empowerment (Ramli 2014).
 
 Method: This research is exploratory qualitative research with a case study research approach. Exploratory qualitative research is considered a form of research that does not just describe cases that occur but also explores how the cases occurred (Hardani at al 2020). The case raised in this research is a People's Owned Store or ToMiRa in Kulon Progo Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta which was transformed by the local government from an Alfamart and Indomaret franchise store into ToMiRa. Data was collected using observation techniques, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and document searches related to ToMiRa policies and operationalization in the research field. Data analysis uses interpretive techniques, where the data is analyzed using triangulation techniques, namely the technique of combining observation data, interview data, and document data (Abdussamad 2021).
 
 Results and conclusions: The results of this research found that; (1) the actions of the neoliberal government in Kulon Progo Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, are aimed at people's economics so that its expansion can be accepted by society at large; (2) in carrying out market expansion, neoliberalism which has a popular economic orientation uses the power of local governments to influence the community not to protest and reject ToMiRa; (3) the actions of the neoliberal government with a people's economic orientation, only using the jargon of People's Owned Stores (ToMiRa) as a strategy to gain public sympathy to obtain high electoral votes in the 2017 regional head elections; (4) regional government with a neoliberalism pattern with a popular economic direction prefers the route of economic growth rather than human development in improving the welfare of society.

This study aims to determine the potential of Kaliagung Kapanewon Sentolo Village, Kulon Progo Regency, Special Region, it is hoped that with the identification of this, the researcher can formulate a roadmap for the development of Kaliagung Kapanewon Sentolo Village, Kulon Progo Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The population in this study is the leaders and community leaders of all community members in Kaliagung Village, Kapanewon Sentolo, Kulon Progo Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The data collection method uses observation, focus discussion groups and literature studies are used to obtain information about the potential of the village, qualitative descriptive analysis specifically using the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. SWOT analysis contributes to the development of strategic management theory, especially in the context of independent village development. The SWOT analysis shows that this framework can be applied effectively in the context of village development. This approach helps to link between internal conditions (local resources) and external conditions (government and market support) in the formulation of development strategies. The results of the EFE and IFE analysis placed the Kaliagung Village in a certain quadrant, which provided a theoretical basis for choosing the most suitable strategy, such as a growth-oriented strategy .

The forest management strategies in Indonesia are starting to change from state-based forest management to community-based forest management. The changing of forest management strategies can be seen in the implementation of the Social Forestry Program at Kulon Progo Regency. This study aimed to know the strategies and benefits of community empowerment in managing protected forests by ecotourism. This research conducted on July – October 2019 in the forest farmer group of Mandiri at Kalibiru Village, Kulon Progo Regency. Data collection was done by several methods including (1) In-depth interview to the head of forest farmer group; (2) Focus group discussion with the committee of forest farmer group; (3) Field observation; and (4) Secondary data review. The data analyzed by descriptive method. The results of the study indicated that the forms of community empowerment strategies in protected forest management carried out by KTHKm Mandiri included: (1) Institutional management strategies through strong institutional governance of farmer groups; (2) Forest area management strategies through the application of the concepts of resources-based management, ecosystem-based management, and landscape-based management; (3) Forest business management strategy through the application of the concept of community-based ecotourism. The existence of Kalibiru Ecotourism has been proven to provide economic benefits to members of the group, as well as residents of the Kalibiru and surrounding communities, in the form of (1) profit sharing; (2) employment; (3) new business opportunities; and (4) social funding assistance. The existence of Kalibiru Ecotourism has also led to social changes in the residents of the Kalibiru and surrounding communities. These social changes included two dimensions, namely: (1) changes in orientation at the individual farmer level; (2) orientation changes at the farmer group level.

The southern part of the Special Province of Yogyakarta consists of a coastline spanning over 113 km, under the administrations of Bantul, Gunung Kidul and Kulon Progo regencies, that can become an asset and resource of an important economy. Cabe Merah (red chilli) is one of the commodities that show high numbers of productivity in Kulon Progo Regency. Activities of red chilli farming on the coastal land of this regency have been growing, especially since the establishment of commodity auction market to help farmers sell their harvests. The study was conducted to (1) find out the size of production in red chilli agribusiness on coastal land, (2) to analyze the risk levels of production faced by the farmers, and (3) how to mitigate the production risks on coastal red chilli farming. There were 40 participating farmers from Banaran Village, Galur Sub-district, Kulon Progo Regency. The location was intentionally chosen by using multistage area sampling method. The data used were collected from the production and income of three growing seasons. Data analyses were performed using production risk and The House of Risk methods. Based on the variance coefficient, the production risks level was at 0,03 with the production lower limit of 9.596 Kg/Ha, which showed a low level of risk. The various risk mitigation strategies have been performed by the farmers to lessen the risks that can causes losses in the process of coastal red chilli productions.

One of the national programs is providing Supplementary Food for School Children, which was launched to accelerate the achievement of national development goals. This complete food-based program was the first to be carried out in Kulon Progo Regency; in the previous year, this supplementary food program was provided in the form of snacks. This research aims to explore the adoption of the Supplementary Food for School Children program in Kulon Progo Regency. This research used a qualitative design with a case study approach. The selection of informants used a purposive sampling technique. Data collection is done by in-depth interview method and focus group discussion. The validity of the data is done by using source triangulation, member checking, and peer debriefing. This aspect of adoption consists of the program implementer's intention to adopt a program, how the activity implementer tries to implement a program and implements the innovations needed for program development. This is demonstrated by their being able to prepare a team to implement the Supplementary Food for School Children program in schools consisting of cooks and administrative staff, prepare the facilities and infrastructure for implementing the program, and carry out initial anthropometric measurements of school children. Schools receiving the Supplementary Food for School Children program show that they are ready and able to adopt this new program in their respective school settings

Cardiovascular diseases are considered as the deadliest diseases in the world. According to WHO data, deaths caused by coronary heart disease in Indonesia reached 138,380 or 9.89% of the total deaths. The age adjusted mortality rate is 82.30 per 100,000 population with Indonesia ranked #97 in the world. Kulon Progo Regency is located in the western part of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The average monthly food expenditure in Kulon Progo is Rp365,012 ($27.49). While a healthy diet is known and promoted to benefit health, only a small portion is used to buy fruits and vegetables (2.24% and 1.76%). Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of morbidity in Kulon Progo. This study aimed to examine the process of developing guidelines for healthy school canteens and school gardens and promote fruit and vegetable consumption. This study used a qualitative research design. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. A preliminary survey was conducted in 10 private and public schools in Kulon Progo district, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Guidelines related to healthy lifestyles through Canteen- and school garden were successfully arranged for in-school programs. Interviews and focus group discussions explored possibilities of permanently establishing the programs with local and national funding. Some disagreement was voiced concerning the loss of revenue incurred by local food vendors. Stakeholder involvement is crucially important for the preparation and development of the school canteen - and school gardens guidelines. Follow-up is recommended to carry out the dissemination of the guidebook.

The transformation process toward organic farming in Indonesia has been ongoing for 20 years, but progress has been slow. One of the reasons for the slow development of organic agriculture is the lack of attention given to the process of social change by the actors involved. This research aims to analyze the involvement of each actor in the transformation process toward organic farming. This research is a qualitative study that uses a constructivist–interpretive approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with 7 informants, through observations, and through focus group discussions with 30 participants, which included farmers (some of whom were members of farmer groups, members of organic farming communities, or heads of farmer groups), agricultural extension officers, and organic field school administrators. The data were examined via thematic analysis. The research results revealed social, cultural, and psychological barriers in the transformation process of the actors. Changes in spaces and forms of farmer learning and perspectives are the keys to the success of the transformation process toward organic farming. Farmers and actors involved in organic farming believe that technology adoption and the involvement of actors who synergize with each other through the support of dialogic processes and facilities to meet and share knowledge, experiences, and problems are the keys to the success of the transformation process. Social change is no longer top-down; it must be a dialogic process and a learning process from adult experience centering on a variety of relevant knowledge and feedback. Therefore, the actions that can be taken to encourage the acceleration of transformation toward organic farming include reforming organic farming institutions, establishing synergy with organic farming activist institutions, and providing access to information on organic farming development.