The Tomb of Two Priestesses? The Late Neo-Elamite Jubaji Tomb in a Religious-Royal Context

The potency of compelling narrative structures - or the story constructing sequence of space - has pushed architecture's boundaries into new frontiers through the development of representational technology such as cinema, a burgeoning art form that employs narrative typology as an underlying structure to frame the phenomena of space. In this design research thesis my intention is to investigate and elucidate the function and purpose of narrative in Architecture and Cinema and its development from symbolism to spatial formation. Thesis statement: The first stage of narrative from took flight from pictographic symbols and cartographic delineations to sculptural representations and reliefs. These timeless narratives encapsulated in monumental structures such as the Pyramids of Giza or the Greek Parthenon depict their civilizations' cultural dominance through this system of messaging. It can be argued that a number of such illustrations may reveal varying levels of codification or messaging through historical, cultural, or religious contexts. However, the present form of this system of messaging and symbolism has been considerably altered for the worse, becoming banal and superficial, and lacking depth and narrative content.

The potency of compelling narrative structures - or the story constructing sequence of space - has pushed architecture's boundaries into new frontiers through the development of representational technology such as cinema, a burgeoning art form that employs narrative typology as an underlying structure to frame the phenomena of space. In this design research thesis my intention is to investigate and elucidate the function and purpose of narrative in Architecture and Cinema and its development from symbolism to spatial formation. Thesis statement: The first stage of narrative from took flight from pictographic symbols and cartographic delineations to sculptural representations and reliefs. These timeless narratives encapsulated in monumental structures such as the Pyramids of Giza or the Greek Parthenon depict their civilizations' cultural dominance through this system of messaging. It can be argued that a number of such illustrations may reveal varying levels of codification or messaging through historical, cultural, or religious contexts. However, the present form of this system of messaging and symbolism has been considerably altered for the worse, becoming banal and superficial, and lacking depth and narrative content.

Reviewed by: Borderline Virginities: Sacred and Secular Virgins in Late Antiquity by S. Undheim Chris L. de Wet Undheim, S. 2018. Borderline Virginities: Sacred and Secular Virgins in Late Antiquity. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0367495985. Pp. 238. $49.99. The notion of virginity in the ancient world has received a great deal of attention in the past decades. One aspect of virginity that tends to stand out in the majority of these works is its elusiveness to definition and conceptualisation. The present study of Undheim1 does a good job of problematising our understanding of virginity in its ancient cultural context even more. Undheim demonstrates convincingly that virginity cannot simply be understood in physiological terms, but that social, cultural and, indeed, religious aspects often undergird ancient constructions of virginity. Undheim’s focus is on sacral virginity—that is, virgins who have been "assigned" this status through an act of dedication or consecration in a religious context. The book does well to demonstrate both continuities and discontinuities of virginity in both Christian and non-Christian (Vestal) contexts in late antiquity. Rather than being a fixed phenomenon, virginity was something that was discursively negotiated. Undheim uses a helpful notion of demarcations or "borderlines" to demonstrate the fluidity of late antique constructions and negotiations of virginity. The most important contribution of this book is that the perceived dichotomy between physical and so-called "spiritual" virginity is problematised and rightly deconstructed. This is especially done by means of the critical comparison between Vestal and Christian virgins. The concept virgo (in Latin, but other ancient cognates should be included), in late antiquity, is a word that is used in various ways and to various [End Page 536] purposes. In this regard, aspects such as one’s age, family and social status and the virginal symbolism seen in a virgin’s clothing, all coalesce to shape the notion of "Roman virginity," as Undheim notes. In the church fathers, for instance, we see a curious interest in discerning the virgin, virgo, from the notion of the girl (puella) or woman (mulier). She quotes Ambrose in noting that "womankind is the sex; virgin is the species." Virginity was, therefore, a concept that was subject to intense classification and clarification. Sources from the theological texts of the church fathers are used, along with numerous other prose and poetic texts. She also does not disregard the epigraphical material, which lends to the strength of the book. In the second chapter, Undheim unpacks the notion of Roman virginity, especially how it is envisioned rhetorically and in terms of "ideals" and "realities." In this regard, a great deal of discussion focuses on social status and virginity, especially aristocratic virginity, as well as the possibility of virgin slaves. On the latter point, Undheim demonstrates that slave modesty and virginity—even though it might seem paradoxical in the Roman world—was complex and still embedded in the kyriarchal social structure. In other words, slave masters (in Christian contexts) still had the say whether a slave girl might become a virgin. Because late ancient Christianity made virginity more of a universal ideal, the fact that virginity could extend to individuals outside of the ruling classes is a real possibility. However, the metaphor of virginity did not do much to add distance between virginity and nobility. From church fathers like Ambrose and Jerome, we still see a common link between virginity and nobility also in early Christian discourse. Along with social status, the chapter also focuses on the age of virgins (the child virgins usually associated with the Vestals as opposed to Christian virgins admitted at a marriageable age), and virginal insignia, or clothing. In terms of clothing, most forms of Roman virginity had some type of external markers, especially because virginity was such an honoured state. This was the case in Christianity as well, showing that virginity, in this context, was not only a matter of the soul. Chapter 3 addresses the gendered aspects of Roman virginity, with some very interesting findings. Perhaps in no other chapter do we see the discursive variations of virginity as it relates to ancient concepts of gender. The fact that virginity moves away from the biological and physical realm...

In the post-COVID context, religious identities and practices have undergone transformation. While existing research has focused on religious institutions, there is a gap in understanding nuanced expressions of non-religious identities in the Kenyan context. In other research, Ndereba (2023b; 2024) has provided an analysis of non-religious identities, including atheism, in the Kenyan context. Grounded in an exploratory research perspective, this paper argues that digital kinship is providing a sense of identity, belonging, and expression for non-religious African youth, including those identifying as ‘spiritual but not religious’ (SBNR). The paper moves beyond traditional kinship structures to show how digital networks facilitate a cross-pollination of both religious and non-religious ideas in the pluralistic religious context of Africa. This research also shows that social media influencers provide a sense of ‘virtual communalism’ for those in a religious minority context of young Kenyans navigating the contemporary African (Kenyan) religious context. Digital kinship is foregrounded due to the capacity of social media to valorize religious and non-religious identities in societies, and it merits fresh analyses from religious scholars, theologians, and social scientists, especially those studying religion and non-religion among Africa’s digital natives.

The site of Mordot Arnona is located ca. 750 m northeast of Ramat Rahel and on the eastern outskirts of the Arnona neighbourhood of Jerusalem. Few sites around Jerusalem present a stratigraphy and settlement sequence that includes nine building and construction phases, dating from the Late Iron IIA (9th century BCE) to the Late Roman period (4th century CE). During much of this time, and especially between the late 7th century BCE and the 4th century CE, the site was a small agricultural settlement. In the late 8th and the first half of the 7th century BCE, however, Mordot Arnona held great significance in the physical and political landscape of the area south of Jerusalem, serving as an administrative centre, as evidenced by its monumental structures and the dozens of stamped jar handles. In this paper we present a preliminary description of the site and the main finds from the monumental stage in its history, along with our initial conjectures regarding the role of this site, together with Ramat Rahel, in the history of the Kingdom of Judah during the last 150 years of its existence.

Holiness and Power Game The Trouble with Canonization in Denmark after 1234 After Gregor IX in 1234 decreed that granting sainthood was a papal prerogative, no one was canonized in Denmark. Some attempts at promotion were made, though. Niels, a late 12th century Dane of royal blood, and the Danish King Eric IV (Plovpenning) (murdered 1250) are prominent examples. In both cases, applications were sent to Rome in the 1250s. Regarding a Danish woman, Margaret, sources are scarcer, but an application has been dated to the same decade. Various circumstances indicate that the archbishop, Jacob Erlandsen, and the king, Christopher I, whose broader political interests clashed in that period, tried to strengthen their respective positions through the canonization of someone whose sainthood would lend support to their cause. This article investigates the cases of Eric and Niels, the King’s preferred candidates. A number of internal Danish reasons have been given as to why Niels and Eric were never canonized. Allegedly, the conflict between church and royal power in Denmark prevented their cults from succeeding, thus preparing the way for papal canonization. This tradition has been especially strong in the case of Eric under whose reign (1241-50) the conflict broke out. However, neither this nor other internal Danish causes convincingly explains the absence of canonization. The conflict between church and royal power in Denmark had only indirect consequences in this matter, and only in so far as it narrowed the political latitude of the Pope. The Pope needed to balance the rights and freedom of the church against maintaining good relations with the Danish king. In order to realize the first goal it was important for him not to alienate the archbishop. Because of their relationship with the royal power, Erlandsen and his supporters within the clergy were strongly against sainthood for Niels and Eric. Not only were they Christopher’s kin, Eric in particular was also politically ambiguous as a prospective saint because of his own relationship with the church when he was alive. Apart from religious aspects, canonization was of course a political tool for the internal and external defence of the church and for rewarding the Pope’s allies. Indeed, Danish royal power, as formerly embodied in the late Eric IV – and now in Christopher I – was not only, by its conflict with the Danish church, a potential threat. It was also a potential political ally against powerful German princes and as a supporter of crusades. Therefore, in regard to politics, the decision of the Pope was far from predetermined, but left to his discretion. However, in the face of what looks like a dilemma, the default solution of abstaining from canonization may have been a convenient way out. Various arguments and tendencies unrelated to politics facilitated this outcome. Very likely, the Holy See found that sainthood status for Niels and Eric was not adequately substantiated by testified divine portents. Furthermore, canonizations in the 13th century were not evenly distributed; some parts of Europe were favoured, to Scandinavia’s disadvantage. In addition to this, the monopoly of the Pope created a bottleneck situation that in general made it more difficult to achieve canonization. These causes may have been secondary compared with the Holy See’s specific interests and points of view, but would still serve the purpose of damage control as King Christopher realized that the Pope did not decide in his favour. On the same note, the religious and contextual aspects meant that consideration of the cases of Niels and Eric could drag on and on, allowing time to dampen the humiliation. On balance, the reasons why Niels and Eric were never canonized must be found in Rome, not in Denmark.

This article looks at three early cases dealing with the equitable doctrine of undue influence, arising out of donations to religious groups and institutions. It will explore each of the three cases in turn, by placing them in their appropriate historical, social, religious and political context. By better understanding the cases we also get a better insight into the modern law of undue influence and the societal context in which it operates, and what are today the right questions for lawyers and judges to ask when dealing with undue influence, particularly undue influence within a religious context.

In the 6th century BCE, with the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, a new form of cohabitation was established in many places in northern Mesopotamia and the neighbouring Zagros Mountains: squatter settlements. Once monumental structures seem to have lost their significance as elite sites and were now used for domestic purposes. This book analyses this form of cohabitation. In a qualitative comparison between the squatter settlements of the four sites Tell Sheikh Hamad, Nimrud, Godin Tepe and Nush-i Jan, this thesis identifies similarities and differences in the appropriation of monumental spaces. Lefebvre's theory of space is used as a theoretical basis for understanding these appropriations. Methodologically, Hillier and Hanson's space syntax analysis and Klinkenberg's sequence-of-events approach are used. Ultimately, this analysis leads to the conclusion that squatter settlements were not simply temporary settlements that only existed for a few years, but rather established settlements that existed for centuries. It also turns out that the inhabitants of squatter settlements faced particular challenges with the decaying monumental structure, which they met with creativity and inventiveness. Squatter settlements therefore deserve their own consideration and should be seen as a cultural phenomenon of the 6th and 5th centuries in northern Mesopotamia and the central Zagros Mountains.

The sudies on the issues related to communities in the interior of West Kalimantan begin to take place when Dutch and other European scholars in the colonial period came to the region. But they have been limitedly documented. The amount of research by local and foreign scholars in the region is still not significant when compared to that of research in Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei which are also situated on the island of Borneo. In fact, the natural wealth, cultural heritage and the rural communities of West Kalimantan need serious attention and studies for the purpose of the development of the region. In addition, local elements such as human and cutural resources may become potential supports of development to improve the welfare of the communities. This study highlights the significant contribution of religious and cultural aspects within the communities living around the upper Kapuas riverside. Acculturation of local and Islamic cultures have occurred since the advent of Islam into the interior areas of Kalimantan through the Kapuas River. The acculturation of local religions and cultures also promotes a very important local religious institution in the process of social change of the communities of the Kapuas riverside in the interior of West Kalimantan. The local religious institutions serve as an infrastructure that has been proven to ensure the survival of the living Muslim community system that existed among indigenous people who were still in the local beliefs of their time. This study also finds that the Muslim communities of the Kapuas Riverside in the interior of West Kalimantan already have extensive networks, not just the kinship network, Islamic trade and da'wah but also the network of scholarship. Of course, the growth of these growing networks is influenced by the media that also develops in its name. Thus this work also describes a comprehensive analysis of cultural and religious aspects in the development of communities of the Kapuas riverside in the interior of West Kalimantan which is currently included in the administrative areas of Sintang and Kapuas Hulu Districts.

EDITORIAL: Al-Burhan issue of August 2024 covers a wide range of topics based on the Qur’an and Sunnah. It ranges from ‘social proof in Qur’an and Sunnah’, ‘e-commerce and sunnah’, ‘criticism of hadith text in Indonesia’, ‘Maqasidul Qur’an and Rashid Rida’, ‘Qur’anic manuscripts in Qatar’, ‘Abu Hanifah and the Sunnah of the Prophet’, ‘crisis of poverty in Afghanistan and Qur’anic solution’, ‘corporal punishments based on Qur’an and Sunnah’ and ‘peaceful coexistence and the verses of abrogation in the Qur’an’. Hence, the issue will cover different issues from various angles but derived from the Qur’an and Sunnah, the primary sources of Islam. The first article is on ‘misguiding effects of social proof on human psyche: a Qur’anic perspective’. It stresses on social proof, its negative impact on society, and how al-Qur’an deals with it. The principle of social proof states that people tend to perceive what is correct and appropriate by discovering what others think is correct. In today’s world of social media and online reviews, social proof has gained new relevance as this platform easily allows ideas and opinions to be shared and spread widely. Human tendency is to follow other people in society blindly. Allah SWT has granted all humans a fresh mind, fitrah, and nature to observe, identify, evaluate, accept virtues, and reject vices. But the reality is the opposite. Follow society and friends. The Prophets were rejected by their own communities due to this. The messages are spread today via digital platforms without a second thought and evaluation, which is totally against the Qur’an and Sunnah. The preachers preach mostly based on false or at least weak narrations claiming that Allah’s Prophet has said it. What if the Prophet did not say it. Is it not lying in the name of the Prophet, which will confirm abode in the Hellfire!!?? Hence, humanity should see, observe, identify, evaluate and follow only when it is truly authentic. Otherwise, stay away from such reports. The second article is on ‘integrating the sunnah practice into the operation of e-commerce’. Due to COVID-19, business activities suffered a significant setback, but recourse to e-commerce opened several business opportunities that people had never imagined. Because Islam sanctions buying and selling, e-commerce is lawful. Making e-commerce conform to Islamic principles requires integrating Sunnah practice into its operations. The Prophet (PBUH) sanctioned business dealings and specified terms and conditions. The research examines the principles of business transactions as practised by the Prophet PBUH to improve the operation of e-commerce. The study asserts that e-commerce gains huge patronage because it makes business transactions easy and pleasurable. It saved nations’ economies during the pandemic era. It may face fraudulent practices by some corrupt traders, which is forbidden in Islam. E-commerce can be improved if the Sunnah practice is incorporated into its operation. The third article is on ‘Matn Criticism in Indonesia: reanalysing Ali Mustafa Yaqub’s Contributions to Hadith Studies’. It deals with Naqd Matn al-Hadith [criticism of hadith text] based on the writings of Ali Mustafa Yaqub. In response to the contemporary trend of ignoring or even avoiding ḥadīth criticism, Yaqub, an Indonesian ḥadīth expert, paid great attention to this issue to ensure that hadīth is used as proof (ḥujjah) of Islamic teachings. The article explores that Yaqub has provided significant theoretical foundations and practical insights into understanding ḥadīth. His notable contributions to advancing ḥadīth studies while upholding classical turāth as a cornerstone in Islamic scholarship amidst the challenges of globalisation establish him as a distinguished and influential figure in the field of ḥadīth studies in Indonesia. His work enriches the academic discourse and ensures the continued relevance of traditional ḥadīth scholarship in contemporary contexts. The first Arabic article is on تفاعلات رشيد رضا المنهجية مع مقاصد القرآن: دراسة تحليلية, or ‘Rashid Rida's Approach in Interacting with the Objectives of the Holy Qur’an’. It stresses on the approach of Rashid Rida, a prominent scholar of the 14th century in Egypt, in dealing with the Maqasid al-Qur’an or the objectives of the Qur’an al-Karim. Rida emphasised that studying and engaging with the objectives of the Quran contributes to the development and education of individuals, elevating their status, integrating their faith, purifying themselves, and enhancing their intellectual, cognitive, and logical abilities. The research demonstrates Rida's methodological approach in interacting with the Quranic objectives and how it contributes to removing traditional, hereditary, and harmful habits from people's minds while striving to instil positive values in their place, thus guiding individuals towards development and achieving human brotherhood. Rashid Rida demonstrated through his engagement with the Quranic objectives that there is a contradiction between the objectives of the Quran and the narratives found in tafsir literature, as he believes that these narratives distract the reader and obscure the genuine objectives of the Quran. The second Arabic article is on عناية دولة قطر بالمطبوعات القرآنية وسبل تقويمها or ‘Contribution and care of the state of Qatar for Qur’anic publications and the means of evaluating them’. It deals with the contribution of the state of Qatar in publishing the Qur’anic manuscripts and the methods of evaluating them. Islamic manuscripts have been preserved right from the beginning of the letters of the Prophet to the kings, princesses, rulers, governors and ambassadors. The research introduces the contributions of the State of Qatar and explains its dedication to Qur’anic publications for over half a century. It stresses that all publications were distinguished by free publishing. Recent publications of the Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs stood out for their excellent edition, high-quality printing, and reader-centric printing. The third Arabic article is on موقف الإمام أبي حنيفة من حديث رسول الله وحجّيته, or ‘Imam Abu Hanifah on the Hadith of the Prophet and its authority’. It analyses the stand of Imam Abu Hanifah on the Sunnah of the Prophet and its authority. There were accusations against Abu Hanifah that he did not know much of the hadith of the Prophet, which led him to rely on the ‘Ra’i’ and ‘Qiyas’ [independent reasoning]. These accusations are baseless. His ahadith were compiled in a hadith volume covering about 800 pages. Imam Abu Hanifah was stringent in accepting ahadith. Before accepting any hadith, he analysed its sanad [chain] and matn [text] together. His strict methodology restrained him from accepting all reported ahadith of the Prophet. This might be the reason for making the pro-hadith scholars and ‘salafiyyin’ go against him. The fourth Arabic article is on مشكلة الفقر في المجتمع الأفغاني: دراسة شرعية, or ‘the problem of poverty in Afghan society: a shari`ah-based study’. This research aims to study the religious and ideological aspects of the poverty problem in Afghan society by identifying the factors related to religious beliefs and causing poverty and deprivation. The research stresses that there is a close relationship between intellectual and spiritual security and economic security. The poverty problem in Afghan society has religious aspects that must be considered when making a policy to treat it, and religious deviations and turning away from the path (manhaj) of Allah cause poverty. As well as the poverty problem has contributed to the spread of corrupt beliefs and intellectual deviations, which negatively affect the stability of Afghan society. Moreover, the influence of secularism and its spread in the recent two decades has led to the neglect of Islamic solutions and approaches to address the poverty problem in Afghanistan. The fifth Arabic article is on التعزيرات البدنية في التشريع الإسلامي: دراسة مقارنة, or ‘Corporal punishments in Islamic shari`ah: a comparative study’. The study elucidates Islam’s broad perspective on corporal punishments, which are not specified by Shari`ah but are determined by judicial discretion. The objective is to highlight these discretionary measures, emphasise their role in deterring immoral behaviour, and underscore the importance of studying them. The study reveals that Ta'zir encompasses a range of punishments, including execution, flogging, imprisonment, or banishment, depending on the judge’s assessment of the crime’s severity. For example, severe and repeated crimes may warrant execution, while flogging serves as a deterrent without a fixed limit. Imprisonment, whose duration is not predefined, aligns with Shari`ah’s broader objectives. Banishment, encompassing both deportation and alienation, applies to imprisonment and exile. In modern contexts, women are not subjected to exile due to increased temptations. Instead, imprisonment within their country is preferred. The sixth Arabic article is on التعايش السلمي مع غير المسلمين: دراسة تحليلية لآيات النسخ في القرآن الكريم, or ‘Peaceful coexistence with non-Muslims: an analytical study of the verses of abrogation in the holy Qur’an’. The research explains some Quranic verses related to peaceful coexistence with non-Muslims, about which interpreters have different opinions regarding the abrogation or non-abrogation of these verses. The study stresses that peaceful coexistence is a religious obligation on individual, social, and international levels. Islam encourages Muslims to promote a culture of peace and peaceful coexistence with non-Muslims. Most of the verses related to coexistence are not abrogated. Though some traditional interpreters claimed they were abrogated, the reality is the opposite. Their rulings are fixed and applicable in every era and place. NOOR MOHAMMAD OSMANI Editor-in-chief August 2024

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) makes infected cases prone to opportunistic infections like Tuberculosis (TB) due to impaired immunity of the body, especially Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) ones which are a major concern. With HIV outbreak starting late in the 20th century, the international health community is observing a huge rise in the incidence of this complex disease. Herein, we estimated the incidence of TB among HIV-positive individuals and their responses to anti-tuberculosis medications in Shiraz, Southwest of Iran. Materials and Methods: 840 HIV-positive patients were included in this cross-sectional study. During the first examination CD4+ count and PPD test was obtained, patients were checked for other symptoms too. Patients, if diagnosed with TB, received proper medication. If therapy failed, second-line therapy was prescribed for them. Type of resistance was studied and recorded. Patients continued their routine anti-viral therapy during the study. Results: Of 840 participants, 29 were diagnosed with Active TB (3.4%), 76% of them were diagnosed with PCR and culture and other with acid fast. Males were the majority of TB positives (82.8%). Most patients suffering from TB had CD4+ count lower than 200 (55.1%); 17.2% of the cases were MDR-TB. Conclusion: Low CD4+ count makes the patient vulnerable to TB. It is necessary to maintain patient’s immunity in order to treat and prevent tuberculosis; so, anti-viral therapies still play important roles in preventing TB in HIV-positive patients.[GMJ.2015;4(2):115-20]

O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em compreender as particularidades da manifestação do empreendedorismo religioso em empresas que nascem no contexto da religião e comercializam artigos religiosos. A partir de um quadro teórico que articula as definições de empreendedorismo e processo empreendedor, e que estabelece relações entre empreendedorismo e religião, foram estudadas, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, 22 empresas que comercializam produtos de diferentes denominações religiosas, situadas nas três maiores cidades da região do Triângulo Mineiro. Os resultados mostram a manifestação de um tipo particular de empreendedorismo, observado através das seguintes categorias: o empreendedor religioso, envolvendo a análise da ideia e das motivações individuais para a abertura da empresa; a religião enquanto oportunidade de negócio, envolvendo a análise do contexto e dos aspectos religiosos e comerciais que influenciam o processo do empreendedorismo religioso; e os resultados desta ação empreendedora, envolvendo os efeitos concretos e simbólicos do empreendedorismo religioso.

Throughout the Sasanian era (224-650/1 CE), Zoroastrian Fire Foundations were some of the most significant landowners in Iran. The sources represented in this study reveal that Fire Foundations were among the most prominent organizations in late antique Iran, actively utilizing slaves and their labour in various social, economic and religious contexts. This article studies the religious, social, legal, and economic aspects of slaves in general, and slaves of Fire Foundations in particular throughout the Sasanian period. Drawing on Middle Persian legal and religious texts, the article examines three interrelated themes: the Fire Foundations characterized as slavers, and the function of priests in mobilizing their immense landed estates, income, and the utilization of slave labour; the relationship between free persons and slaves; and the link between the Fire Foundations and slaves. Analyzing these key questions and the considerable involvement of clerics in all these aspects enables us to discern the structural role of priests in Fire Foundations’ use of slavery and within the broader framework of the Sasanian economy. Through this analysis, the article highlights the close administrative and financial ties binding the priesthood and the monarchy during Sasanian Iran.

The traditional trek to Karbala by pilgrims is a traditional and historic ceremony that has taken place for more than 13 centuries. Religion is always connected to people, and people in turn have their own religious convictions. When we talk about religion we are not talking about a religion, but about the religious context and faith. People's faith results in meetings and pilgrimages to give thanks and to make new requests. In this way people travel to sacred places according to their beliefs, thus forming religious tourism. It is known that religious tourism is important in the religious, cultural, and historical aspects and for the economic and social development. It is necessary to evaluate the different elements that the Arbaeen Pilgrimage, provides fromthe perspective of faith and religiosity tourism, as well as economic, through the scientific publications published in academic journals. Thus, this study aimed to investigate and identify the authors who are researching on the subject, as well as their view on the importance of the Arbaeen Pilgrimage". As for the methodological aspects, this is a research with a quantitative approach, and bibliometry was used as a research strategy. The search was conducted in August 2022, in Google Academic, using as a search term the keywords "Pilgrimage and Arbaeen", which appear in the title and/or abstract and which were published in academic journals. The search period was from January 2010 to August 2022. In the search performed, 480 articles were located. To compose the final sample, only articles with at least 10 citations were considered; 34 articles were found. Being that 4 articles had more than 100 citations which are from the authors: (Memish et al. 2019), (Ghodrati and Ebrahimi 2020) ,(Bielecki, et al.2020):(Shahzad et al. 2020) (Abdulredha, et, al 2018). The concentration of which articles that were cited more than 100 times, is between 2018 to 2020. We suggest further mapping studies with only the word "Arbaeen".

Background. This research explores the background of the importance of learning Arabic, a Semitic language with over 280 million speakers as a first language. Influenced by aspects of religiosity and internationality, Arabic has a significant role in culture, Islamic religion and international relations. Purpose. This research aims to understand the role and urgency of Arabic in a global context, covering religious, cultural and diplomatic aspects. It aims to analyze the development of the Arabic language from historical aspects to contemporary developments, as well as identify its impact as an international language involving non-Muslims. This research also intends to explore a deeper understanding of the importance of learning Arabic outside the religious context, focusing on its functional diversity and use in the modern world. Method. The research method involves literature analysis, Arabic language learning needs survey, and implementation case studies in educational institutions to understand the urgency and function of Arabic language learning. Results. The importance of learning Arabic for Muslims is reflected in three main aspects: the understanding of Islamic teachings, the unification of Muslims, and human civilization. Arabic is the main source of knowledge, especially in understanding Islamic religious sources. Moreover, it plays a key role in uniting the global Muslim community, facilitating communication and enhancing unity. Conclusion. There are many benefits that will be gained if Muslims learn Arabic. Among them, first, fahmul Islam (understanding Islamic teachings). By mastering Arabic, of course it will be very easy for us to understand most of Islamic teachings. Because the sources of Islamic teachings (the Koran, hadith, and books written by ulama) use Arabic. Allah SWT said, "Indeed, We made the Qur'an in Arabic so that you understand.