The time ordeal for international organisations

Few studies have considered the importance of kin or extended family relationships on future orientation. Additionally, some of the underlying processes linking social bonds to future orientation remain poorly understood. Based on theoretical work focused on attachment and identity, this study tested the potential mediating effects of ethnic identity on the links between close relationships (maternal closeness and kinship ties) and future orientation over time. Specifically, the study tested the extent to which ethnic identity mediated the relationship between maternal closeness and future orientation, and the relationship between kinship ties and future orientation. In addition, it tested whether sex moderated the relationships between maternal closeness/kinship ties and future orientation measures (education and career) as well as between ethnic identity and future orientation measures. Self-report data were collected twice, approximately 6 months apart, during a school year from a sample of rural African American adolescents (n = 274, Mage = 14.81, SD = 1.48). Findings provided evidence of mediation effects by ethnic identity on the relationships between maternal closeness and future orientation measures, and the link between kinship ties and future orientation measures. In addition, sex moderated the associations between ethnic identity and future education orientation as well as between maternal closeness and future education orientation; no moderation effects were found for the links with future career orientation measures. Maternal closeness and kinship ties appear to be critical for supporting ethnic identity and for developing educational and career future orientation among rural African American youth.

- With continued increases in trade volumes, lengthening of supply chains due to globalization, and an increased focus on disruptions, resiliency has become an issue of concern within the supply chain community. Resiliency is formally defined as the ability to recover from or adjust easily to change or disruption. For this research and within the supply chain community, resiliency also includes the ability to avoid disruptions. In the past, resiliency has been discussed in nebulous terms, typically focusing on the overall concept of resiliency, past resiliency successes and failures, and generalized frameworks and flowcharts to help assess risk and mitigate for it. Absent is the discussion of how companies perceive resiliency and by what methods are they currently integrating resiliency strategies into supply chain and goods movement policies. This research explores and evaluates resiliency efforts, focusing on the goods movement within the supply chain, currently being used in practice by importing companies. Additionally, the information gathered in this research may be utilized to improve resiliency within freight transportation systems. Through a series of eleven interviews with personnel responsible for transportation and supply chain activities and operations, information was gathered to understand how companies are attempting to improve the resiliency within their supply chain in the face of increasing vulnerabilities. Responses to questions about resiliency, vulnerabilities, disruptions, and disruption procedures were used to identify fifteen resiliency strategies which were categorized as enablers or strategic resiliency strategies. Enablers, such as communication, relationships, and use of information and technology, were identified as ways to increase the effectiveness of other resiliency efforts and are often an integral part of supply chain operations prior to concerns about resiliency. Strategic resiliency strategies, including using expedited transportation, using multiple ports and/or carriers to move goods, becoming C-TPAT certified, and delivering during off-peak hours, are typically part of a long term plan of action, but are often implemented on a day to day or as needed basis. Both enablers and strategic resiliency strategies result in the reduction of exposure to supply chain disruptions and/or the mitigation of disruption impacts. Relationships between the strategies are revealed, highlighting the importance of enablers as a means of promoting the success of many other reported resiliency strategies. The strategies used by a given company are often a reflection of the company’s current exposure to risk, and therefore experience with resiliency. For example, companies with existing supply uncertainty have already implemented resiliency strategies to mitigate the impact of sourcing difficulty. Examination of resiliency strategies as a means to reduce exposure to supply chain disruptions has shown that the use of these strategies helps spread the risk of disruptions, either geographically, temporally, or across personnel. In addition to improving resiliency, many identified strategies can provide an added value to supply chains, improving operations and efficiency on a daily basis. This research provides a summary of existing strategies, but also presents a framework for discussing resilience in terms of enablers and strategies. Enablers, which allow a company to improve resilience, are the nebulous concepts often associated with resilience such as flexibility and communication. The strategies are specific actions that can have a measurable impact on an enterprise’s ability to tolerate disruptions. Understanding the implications of employing various resiliency strategies can assist companies in making strategic decisions which are in the best interest of a resilient and successful supply chain. The research also discusses how knowledge of these strategies can assist freight transportation system planners, designers, and managers in improving system resilience for the benefit of all users.

The reflections undertaken in this article concern the issue of strategic planning of regional social policy related to older people. Due to the changes to the political system in Poland, initiated in 1989 and continued in 1999, local and regional authorities have been transformed into a kind of independent organizations pursuing their own policies based on long-term action plans – strategies. The aim of this article is to present the measures for supporting the opportunities and improve the quality of life of people aged 50+, programmed in voivodeship strategies relating to wider social policy issues.

Reviewed by: Health Security for All: Dreams of Universal Health Care in America Jill Quadagno Alan Derickson . Health Security for All: Dreams of Universal Health Care in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. xii + 240 pp. $30.00 (0-8018-8081-5). In the past decade there has appeared a virtual cottage industry of books on the many failed attempts to enact national health insurance across the twentieth century. Yet anyone who wonders whether there is anything new that can be said about this issue must read Alan Derickson's marvelous book, Health Security for All. Unlike his predecessors who have focused on the politics of health policymaking, Derickson traces the evolution of a societal ideal—universal coverage—and the ways in which reformers have sought to translate that ideal into a plan of action. Interestingly, the concept of universal health care has not necessarily meant an entitlement to care, nor has it meant government financing of health-care services. During the Progressive Era, the first proposals for state health insurance promoted by the American Association for Labor Legislation were far from universal. Excluded from the AALL plan were the elderly, the permanently disabled, the self-employed, agricultural laborers, domestic workers, and all irregularly employed [End Page 206] 206 workers (a provision that effectively ruled out most women). Not until the 1920s did universalism become an ideal. In that period, elite reformers based in medical and public health schools led the drive to make medical care accessible to everyone. One of the main proponents of universal care was the American Medical Association, which nonetheless rejected the idea that this care would be provided through the government. All efforts to increase the public provision of care, whether through county health centers, health services for mothers and infants, or even visiting nurses, were vehemently opposed by the AMA. In the 1930s the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care voiced support for the concept of universalism but disagreed on a course of action that would make health care accessible to everyone. Yet it was in this period that the first notion of health care as a social right began to take hold, with organized labor at the forefront of the debate. By the 1940s the concept had coalesced into a proposal that truly would have provided universal health-care access. The goal of universal entitlement faded from view with the collapse of the health-care rights campaign in the postwar period. Instead, voluntary health plans spread rapidly in the 1940s and 1950s, making it appear that private insurance would eventually cover the entire population. As Derickson aptly points out, the success of the voluntarist approach demobilized the core constituency for a universal public insurance program. Universalism was revived in the early 1970s, and then again in the 1990s when President Clinton proposed his own plan for universal access. By then, however, the political will had dissipated. The result of a century-long debate over universalism has been a residual social-policy model in which the government serves as the last resort for the marginal segments of society. I laud Derickson's fresh approach to health-policy history with its focus on the diverse visions of how best to provide health protection and the amazing array of plans designed by reformers to reach this goal. Yet his discussion of the varying interpretations of universality would have been strengthened if he had provided more historical context. How did the ideological, political, and economic forces in each period influence the salience of universality and the way it was interpreted by the public? Is it likely that the United States will ever achieve universal coverage or guarantee universal access to health care? Derickson suggests that universality can be achieved if reformers work to build a mass movement among the uninsured, minority-rights advocates, progressive faith-based organizations, children's advocates, and feminist groups. Such a strategy can succeed only if these various constituencies can agree on specific goals—a task that has proved elusive in the past. Health Security for All provides both a way for reformers to understand these past failed efforts and a blueprint for crafting a message for the future. Jill Quadagno...

The term low – emission development strategies (LEDS) was developed on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2008. LEDS is used to describe a longterm national economic development plans or strategies that include low emissions and economic growth resistant to climate change. The concept of Low Carbon Development Strategies (LCDS) has been introduced by the Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC as a common but differentiated approach to meet the overall emissions reduction objectives: “All countries shall prepare Low Emission Development Strategies …nationally-driven and represent[ing] the aims and objectives of individual Parties in accordance with national circumstances and capacities” (Cancun Agreement). Low Carbon Development Strategies (LCDS) in this way become an overarching framework to design and achieve Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) reflecting the Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) of all countries. For Long-Term National Strategy and Action Plan for Low-Carbon Development the main objective of this programme is the development of a long-term national strategy and action plan for low-carbon development to enable country to fulfil its commitment to carbon obligations. Low-carbon development strategy will become the fundamental for the development of the energy sector with low rate of carbon, but also for the entire economy. European Union is the leader in the effort to reduce emissions especially in the energy sector – sector with the highest rate of emission. With the goal of reducing emissions, necessary measures are accentuated for energy in the EU Countries, as well as in Croatia. The possibilities for realization of Croatian low-carbon development and particularly possible role and barriers for Nuclear power plants for Low carbon emissions development in the electricity sector until 2050 will be presented in this paper.

To describe how district-wide access to HIV/AIDS care was achieved and maintained in Thyolo District, Malawi. In mid-2003, the Ministry of Health and Médecins Sans Frontières developed a model of care for Thyolo district (population 587, 455) based on decentralization of care to health centres and community sites and task shifting. After delegating HIV testing and counseling to lay counsellors, uptake of testing increased from 1300 tests per month in 2003 to 6500 in 2009. Shifting responsibility for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiations to non-physician clinicians almost doubled ART enrollment, with a majority of initiations performed in peripheral health centres. By the end 2009, 23, 261 people had initiated ART of whom 11, 042 received ART care at health-centre level. By the end of 2007, the universal access targets were achieved, with nearly 9000 patients alive and on ART. The average annual cost for achieving these targets was € 2.6 per inhabitant/year. The Thyolo programme has demonstrated the feasibility of district-wide access to ART in a setting with limited resources for health. Expansion and decentralization of HIV/AIDS service-capacity to the primary care level, combined with task shifting, resulted in increased access to HIV services with good programme outcomes despite staff shortages.

The purpose of the following study is to demonstrate that employer branding is an effective tool in acquiring talents. The starting point to considerations is the analysis of terminology used in literature. Next, the strategy of employer branding is shown as the component of two complementary and long-term action plans. The first one is concerned with the improvement of talented workers’ management system, and the latter deals with popularization of the execution of organization’s best practices. What is emphasized in this study, is the importance of these two actions’ consistency, which conditions acquiring talents as a long-term perspective.

Risk assessment is the key and most crucial phase in risk management during different well's life cycle. It is a rigorous procedure for identifying, evaluating, and quantifying risks that have the potential to endanger people, have an adverse effect on the environment, or damage assets. With the use of a scenario-based qualitative risk assessment technique and the corporate 6X6 risk matrix, ADNOC Offshore built a new tool for automated well risk assessment that enable the company to identify the failures, control and mitigate well integrity risks due to different failure scenarios. In the digitized risk assessment module, all hazard scenarios have been identified to cover all possible leak paths and conductor pipe structural risks. A detailed barrier analysis is then simulated to define the probability of failure for each scenario. In addition, all operating limits are retrieved from the database along with various consequences factors such as people, safety, assets, company reputation and business. Finally, well risk is ranked by evaluating over 4,000 simulated risk scenarios using the ADNOC 6X6 matrix. All functions were added to in-house software and linked to all relevant well data such as X-tree, DHSV, annulus pressure survey, Maximum Allowable Anticipated Surface Pressure (MAASP), conductor pipe… etc. The digitized risk assessment ensures compliance with local, international standards and best practices by effectively risk assessing and ranking different types of wells (oil and gas producers, water and gas injectors…etc.), flowing or injecting sour and sweet fluids at different locations (island or wellhead towers) with single or multiple completion strings equipped with Surface or subsurface control subsurface safety, constructed with up to four annuli in addition to structure assessment for the conductor pipe. Once the failure scenarios have been ranked and the final risk ranking has been determined, a Well Integrity Passport (WIP) will be created. This WIP will encompass all the information regarding the well, including risk assessment, short-term and long-term action plans, as well as mitigation plans, the assigned party and due date for each failure scenario will also be included. Subsequently, the Well Integrity Passport (WIP) will be automatically circulated for approval based on the approval hierarchy.

As a multi-faceted concept, health literacy concerns the capacities of people to meet the complex demands of health in a modern society, starting with basic skills and ending with active citizenship. The importance of advancing health literacy in Europe was recognised by the European Commission in various communications and initiatives and most recently by the OECD. However, a strategic approach combined with a long-term action plan is still missing. This commentary advocates for an EU strategy on health literacy to fully take into account the partnership of citizens and patients with professionals and decision-makers in health and health care to promote health literate societies.

.Background: Despite the promising evidence for theeffectiveness of school-based awareness programs in decreasing the rates ofsuicidal thoughts and suicide attempts in young people, no guidelines on thetargets and methods of safe and effective awareness programs exist.Aims: This study intends to distill recommendations forschool-based suicide awareness and prevention programs from experts.Method: A three-stage Delphi survey was administered to anexpert panel between November 2018 and March 2019. A total of 214 items obtainedfrom open-ended questions and the literature were rated in two rounds. Consensusand stability were used as assessment criteria. Results: Thepanel consisted of 19 participants in the first and 13 in the third stage.Recommended targets included the reduction of suicide attempts, the enhancementof help-seeking and peer support, as well as the promotion of mental healthliteracy and life skills. Program evaluation, facilitating access to healthcare,and long-term action plans across multiple levels were among the best strategiesfor the prevention of adverse effects. Limitations: The studyis based on opinions of a rather small number of experts.Conclusion: The promotion of help-seeking and peer supportas well as facilitating access to mental health-care utilities appear pivotalfor the success of school-based awareness programs.

The renewable energy industry, in particular, has experienced an immense amount of pressure that has stemmed from the novel COVID-19 pandemic. This study, however, investigates the renewable energy production initiatives that have taken come into place as a reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic, using a time series data of China in particular. The study uses the robust ARDL bounds testing approach in order to get sound parameter estimates. The findings of the study reveal that COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced the renewable energy production in China, both in the short and long run. In addition to this, the GDP and trade tend to positively impact the incidence of renewable energy production in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. In the same context, it has been observed that the energy price has a significant and negative impact on renewable energy production, particularly in the long-run, during the pandemic period. Keeping these observations in consideration, it can be asserted that the government should ideally adopt a short-term policy, while mid-term and long-term action plans should be formulated, so as to achieve the renewable energy targets in the future. In this regard, the research implications and future directions have thoroughly been discussed in the paper.

This article deals with repurposing of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) grades III and IV, according to the Wagner scale. The design of a repurposing commercial strategy is described in this document as a contribution to a body of knowledge with high uncertainty and lack of methodology for decision-makers. An analysis of the potential market suggested a significant impact of the product Heberprot-P® on costs associated to DFU treatment. Unexpected findings, obtained from a study of the competence, are reported here. The feasibility of a repurposing strategy containing short-, medium- and long-term action plans, without mutual interferences, and adopting strategic intent, strategic assessment and strategic choice as fundamental concepts is demonstrated in this work.

Tourism has become a fashionable leisure activity throughout the world. It generates revenue for the destination countries and creates more employment avenues for the community. Tourism is a growing industry in Bangladesh. The country is blessed with thousands of tourist spots. Cox's Bazar is the longest sea beach in the world. Kuakata Sea Beach has ranked second in terms of length. The beach is situated in the southern part of Bangladesh. The virgin beach is beset with many attractive sites. The research aims to determine the impact of the environmental crisis on sustainable tourism development in Kuakata. Data were collected in two ways to reach the research goal. First, literature was reviewed to identify issues related to environmental crises and sustainable tourism development; thus, ten (10) cases were identified in this connection. Second, interviews were conducted using a closed-ended questionnaire to identify the environmental crisis affecting sustainable tourism development at Kuakata. This survey shows that Kuakata is beset with various problems (natural hazards and man-made disasters) such as coastal erosion, water pollution, floods, tide surges, excessive rain, earthquakes and deforestation, insufficient tourism infrastructure and superstructure, waste and sewage disposal, tourist inflow beyond the carrying capacity, lack of awareness about conservation and development of tourism facilities, absence of a proper monitoring system of tourism assets, absence of policy supports engaging the local community in tourism activities, lack of planning for mitigation of environmental crises, poor management by tourism authorities, etc. After that, a Prioritization Matrix (PM) has been prepared to show the significance and extent of their impacts on the Kuakata seashore. To mitigate the environmental crisis, some SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-Bound) objectives are set based on the findings of the prioritization matrix. Lastly, a short and long-term action plan has been created to take the necessary steps for sustainable tourism development in Kuakata. Journal of Business Studies, Vol. XLIV, No. 1, 2025 Page 187-210

Fine particulate matter fraction (PM2.5) is a hazardous risk to human health due to its small size, complex chemical composition, and high specific surface area. Different carbonaceous compounds of which some have mutagenic and cancerogenic properties could bind to the PM2.5 surface and by inhalation penetrate the human body which further leads to the development of severe respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, even premature death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO)  lower air quality due to elevated PM2.5 levels in rural and urban areas worldwide caused around 4.2 million premature deaths in 2019, while the European Environment Agency (EEA) reported around 238 000 of premature deaths in Europe in 2020. The goal of EEA's long-term action plans on zero air pollution considering PM2.5 levels until 2030 is to further lower these numbers by 55%. Due to its high specific surface area, PM2.5 is subjected to aerosol aging processes which can change the PM2.5 properties and further amplify its negative impact on the environment due to eutrophication and acidification.Ambient PM2.5 could be directly emitted from its source as primary or could be produced as secondary from its gaseous pollutants. In an urban environment, anthropogenic sources such as vehicular emissions, industry processes, and fossil fuel combustion are considered predominant to elevate PM2.5 levels while the contribution of natural sources like dust resuspension and lightning as well as the long-range transport should not be neglected. The chemical composition of PM2.5 is mostly related to source characteristics e.g. its type, intensity, temporal, spatial, and/or seasonal distribution, while meteorological parameters such as relative humidity, temperature, wind velocity, and solar radiation index could contribute to PM2.5 gas-phase and aqueous-phase transformation processes.This study aimed to assess the air pollution sources regarding PM2.5 chemical content due to its diverse impact on the environment and human health. Mass concentrations of PM2.5,  as well as, the mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic and organic ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, acetic (AA), formic (FA), oxalic (OX)) in its content were determined at five measuring sites in different part of Zagreb, capital of Croatia. Daily PM2.5 concentrations were measured by gravimetry and ion chromatography was used to determine water-soluble inorganic and organic ions. Results show that in urban environments mobile and stationary sources as well as primary and secondary sources show the same temporal distribution depending on the day of the week. The mobile and stationary sources both contribute to the overall air pollution in Zagreb at each location, regardless of the station classification. At all measuring sites the higher contribution of primary sources was obtained. Additionally, results indicated  that on certain days, secondary sources were found to be dominant in the northern and western parts of the city. This information highlights the importance of monitoring and regulating both primary and secondary sources of emissions to ensure a healthier environment for all.

Strategies of the Euroregion Pomerania. With particular emphasis on the development and operational strategy of the Euroregion Pomerania 2021–2030 Cross-border cooperation is a permanent element of cooperation between European regions located in border areas. Its origins date back to the late 1950s. In Poland, cross-border cooperation could only develop after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the reunification of Germany. The Pomerania Euroregion was established last on Poland’s western border, in December 1995. The Pomerania Euroregion is one of the most important areas of cross-border cooperation in Europe, encompassing the regions of Poland and Germany, and from 1998 to 2013 also Sweden. The key tool for implementing this cooperation is the Euroregional strategy, a long-term action plan that takes into account the established goals and the specific nature of the given area and its surroundings. It shapes the development of the Euroregional area, its future, and maximizes the benefits of cooperation. The strategy presents the challenges and opportunities facing the Pomerania Euroregion in the 21st century, such as globalization, the development of digital technologies, environmental issues, and intercultural cooperation. The strategy is a prerequisite for the effective implementation of various initiatives and allows for the effective management of the Euroregion.