Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide (γ-glutamyl cysteinyl glycine) involved in a variety of biological processes indispensable to sustain life and the most abundant free radical scavenger synthesized endogenously in humans. There are adverse health consequences from glutathione deficiency. The present mini –review aims to provide an extensive overview to glutathione supplement therapeutic effects in human subjects.
Highlights
Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant present in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and the most important antioxidant found in mammalian cells. structurally glutathione is a tripeptide consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine to synthesis GSH, (γ-L-glutamyl-Lcysteinylglycine)
The GSH: GSSG ratio is the primary determinant of the cellular redox state and the processes of glutathione synthesis, transport, utilization, and metabolism are tightly controlled to maintain intracellular glutathione homeostasis and redox balance
Many studies indicate that disturbances in cellular glutathione homeostasis and redox status are implicated in the etiology and/or progression of a number of acute and chronic human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cystic fibrosis, cardiovascular, inflammatory, immune, metabolic, and aging diseases [3,4,5,6]
Summary
Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant present in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and the most important antioxidant found in mammalian cells. structurally glutathione is a tripeptide consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine to synthesis GSH, (γ-L-glutamyl-Lcysteinylglycine). Due to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine it can exists in either reduced (GSH) or oxidized (GSSG) form. Because of its regulatory functions against oxidative stress and maintaining thiol homeostasis, 90% of glutathione under normal circumstances are in a reduced form (GSH) while in abnormal condition of oxidative stress, glutathione concentration in oxidized form (GSSG) is more abundant [1,2]. The GSH: GSSG ratio is the primary determinant of the cellular redox state and the processes of glutathione synthesis, transport, utilization, and metabolism are tightly controlled to maintain intracellular glutathione homeostasis and redox balance. An elevation in the GSSG content and decreases in GSH content are indicative of an increases production of free radicals and lead to systemic oxidative stress and the risk of acquiring serious and lifethreatening diseases [2]. Kern JK et al [19] found that oral glutathione supplements or injections might reduce some effects of Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) AlOmari et al [20] reported that oxidative stress played a crucial role in the wide spread of ASD in Jordan in combination with, the C677T polymorphism of MTHFR gene in the etiology of the disorder and that Oral sublingual -glutathione given to autistic children improved their deterioration of GSH homeostasis and oxidative stress as well as some of their behavioral symptoms such as cooperation, imitation, play ,leisure and social interaction
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