The The Effect of Distance of Sugar Industry Pollutants on Vegetation and Water Quality of Sukun River,

Abstract. Wibowo FAC, Pramudya AD, Muttaqin T, Pangestu MNA. 2024. The importance of riparian vegetation in maintaining spring water quality in Yeh Penet watershed, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2051-2062. Water quality changes along with population growth and human activities. Riparian ecosystems play an important role in maintaining water quality since riparian vegetation have a complex root system which acts as a filter of toxic substances to not enter the spring water. This research analyzes the relationship between riparian vegetation and water quality at five springs in the bamboo rehabilitation area of the Environment Bamboo Foundation (YBLL) in the Yeh Penet Watershed, Bali, Indonesia. At each spring, vegetation analysis was carried out to determine the diversity and composition of riparian vegetation, as well as water quality assessment based on bio-physiochemical parameters. The result of vegetation analysis found that spring 1 was dominated by Equisetum hyemale, spring 2 by Diplazium esculentum, spring 3 by Digitaria longiflora and springs 4 and 5 by Musa paradisiaca. The analysis of bio-physicochemical parameters showed that the water from the five springs was suitable for consumption, but it needs to be heated to a temperature of ±100°C before consuming it due to the presence of coli bacteria. Riparian vegetation diversity had a strong relationship with water quality parameters especially Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) values, Ammonia (NH3), and total coliform. Our findings confirm the importance of riparian vegetation in maintaining water quality in water springs within a watershed.

Jengok River has a high value for the Kutaliman community. The community utilizes the ecosystem services of the Jengok River and is inseparable from the presence of riparian vegetation, which controls water quality. This study aimed to determine riparian vegetation structure on the Jengok River, Kutaliman, Kedungbanteng district, and Banyumas Regency. The research was conducted in October-November 2022 in the Jengok riparian zone using a quadrat transect with sizes 20x20 m2 for trees dan 2x2 m2 for understoreys. Data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H'), the Modified Hill's Ratio Evenness Index (e'), the Margalef Richness Index (DMg), and the Important Value Index (IVI). The results show that the diversity of riparian vegetation based on the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') is a moderate category, and the Evenness Index (e') is the distribution of individuals per species evenly. Furthermore, the Margalef Richness Index (DMg) shows 4.51 for trees and 4.34 for understorey. The highest IVI in the tree stratum was Lansium domesticum Corrêa. In contrast, in the understorey stratum was Musa paradisiacal L. This indicates both species have an essential role in their community

Ayung river is the longest river in Bali. The middle part of the river is frequently utilized as rafting for tourism, such as in Bongkasa Pertiwi Village, Abiansemal District, Badung Regency – Bali. To preserve the river’s ecological function, the information of riparian vegetation as the dynamic component in river is highly required. This research aimed to study the structure of riparian vegetation in Bongkasa Pertiwi Village. The plot method was used and the study site was divided into three stations. Each station was composed by three replications with four plot variations: trees (20 x 20 m), poles (10 x 10 m), saplings (5 x 5), and herbs-shrubs (2 x 2 m). The data was analysed using vegetation analysis that completed with Importance Value (IV), Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’), Index of Dominancy (C), and Index of Evenness (E). This study found that the structure of riparian vegetation in Bongkasa Pertiwi Village was in good condition which was indicated by the high abundance of local tree species. The floristic composition of riparian vegetation comprised by 18 species of trees, 18 species of poles, 21 species of saplings, and 29 species of herbs and shrubs. Cocos nucifera, Pterospermum javanicum, Bischofia javanica, Cananga odorata, Elaeocarpus serratus, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Coffea canephora, and Nephelium lappaceum were the species with the highest Importance Value (IV). The floor vegetation in form of herbs and shrubs was dominated by Sphaegneticola trilobata, Oplismenus burmanni, and Diplazium esculentum. Based on the Diversity Index (H’), Index of Dominancy (C), and Index of Evenness (E), diversity of riparian vegetation in Bongkasa Pertiwi Village was classified as medium category, without any dominated species, and the vegetation composition was equivalent.

Riparian vegetation on river borders can affect the riparian ecosystem of the watershed related to its function as a buffer zone and ecotone between water and land. A high diversity of riparian vegetation can indicate that the ecosystem of a river border is in good condition. Therefore, it is helpful to inventory the diversity of vegetation in the riparian zone, which was done in this study using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. In this research, four plots measuring 5m x 5m, spread across upstream, middle, and downstream areas were used to analyze the types of vegetation, including trees, shrubs, and herbs. The diversity index (H’) results revealed four vegetation species at the tree level, twelve species at the shrub level, and six species at the herb level. The range of H’ values in all sample plots was 1< H’ <3, so the river border was shown to have moderate diversity, which indicated that the ecosystem in the Sampean watershed is relatively balanced. It is necessary to preserve the riparian buffer zone through riparian vegetation restoration management to improve the ecosystem balance of the Sampean watershed.
 Keywords: riparian vegetation, watershed, Shannon-Wiener diversity index

Riparian zones provide ecosystem services depending on the quality of riparian vegetation and vegetation health. The role of riparian vegetation was determined by the total cover, cover structure, vegetation cover quality, and channel alteration of the riparian zone. Vegetation health was to determine the condition of the riparian zone of the Amprong river. In determining the quality of the riparian zone and the quality of the vegetation, it is done by observing the riparian zone of the Amprong river. The results of field observations were analyzed using the QBR index. Vegetation quality was also observed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. The quality profile of the Amprong river riparian zone is in the medium category, while stations 4.2 and 4.3 are in a good category. The good category is obtained from the high total cover dam cover structure value. Meanwhile, the low QBR value is caused by the value of disturbance in the riparian zone in the form of agricultural activities, community settlements, garbage, land conversion to permanent buildings in the riparian zone. The size of the tree canopy at several stations has an impact on the QBR index value. Vegetation connectivity to rivers also helps in maintaining the quality of the riparian zone. Vegetation health on a scale of 0.012 to 0.371 indicates that the sampling site is in good condition. However, this condition will worsen if there is pressure from human activities. Sustainable management is needed by improving the quality of vegetation and reducing disturbance to the riparian zone.

Response of Livestock to Riparian Zone Exclusion

GIS and aerial photographic techniques were applied to assessing riparian vegetation quality in an agricultural landscape formerly covered in lowland rainforest. Canopy cover and width of woody riparian vegetation, both easily determined from remotely sensed data, were investigated as indicators of riparian quality. High correlations between field measurements of canopy cover and width of woody riparian vegetation with several other vegetation attributes indicative of vegetation quality (weed abundance, debris, human disturbance, native species richness) demonstrated that these two habitat attributes were suitable field vegetation quality surrogates. Desktop quality analysis combined GIS measurement of riparian width with aerial photographic analysis of canopy cover. Desktop quality equalled field quality in 78% of cases, with a further 13% showing errors due to clearing or thickening of vegetation after aerial photographs were taken. Bird communities in higher vegetation quality areas comprised mainly rainforest-dependent species, whereas poor quality areas mostly supported birds of open habitats. Bird community diversity and rainforest-dependent bird diversity increased significantly both with increasing levels of canopy cover and greater riparian width, but a combination of these factors explained more variance than each factor separately. Desktop riparian vegetation quality therefore proved a satisfactory indicator of habitat quality for birds in rainforest riparian zones. This quick and efficient desktop method of riparian habitat quality assessment can determine conservation values of rainforest riparian areas with minimal field validation, thereby allowing more effective targeting of appropriate management practices, identification of areas of conservation concern and prioritisation of revegetation and rehabilitation efforts.

Effects of local land-use on riparian vegetation, water quality, and the functional organization of macroinvertebrate assemblages

为了解石油开采对湿地生态系统的影响,2009年10月调查了黄河三角洲东营湿地34个样点的水体物理化学属性和大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构。共获得3门6纲12目41科70属84个大型底栖无脊椎动物分类单元。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(<em>r</em>=-0.446,<em>P</em>=0.02)和TN显著负相关,<em>BI</em>指数与理化指标无显著相关性;软体动物分类单元数与盐度(<em>r</em>=-0.422,<em> P</em>=0.028)显著负相关,与pH值(<em>r</em>=0.435,<em>P</em>=0.023)显著正相关;软体动物个体百分数同样与盐度(<em>r</em>=-0.395, <em>P</em>=0.041)呈显著负相关,与pH值(<em>r</em>=0.565, <em>P</em>=0.002)呈极显著正相关;寡毛类分类单元数与TN(<em>r</em>=0.524,<em> P</em>=0.005)极显著正相关。水体石油含量与生物指数无显著相关性。典范对应分析(CCA)显示,TN、pH、盐度是影响东营湿地底栖动物群落结构的主要环境变量,水体石油污染并不是主要的胁迫因子。寡毛类和软体动物是该地区对环境变化的主要指示生物类群。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数水质生物评价结果显示,溢洪河支流、广利河上游、挑河上游、东张水库属于清洁;轻污点位有9个,其余点位为中污或重污。;The major environmental risks associated with petroleum extraction (e.g. oil spills and leaks) are well known. There is a lot of information on the impacts of petroleum exploration on benthic communities in foreign studies. In this study, we probed the effects of petroleum exploration on macro-invertebrate assemblages, which are important components of benthic communities in this wetland ecosystem. The object of the investigation was to provide scientific data to guide the management, ecological restoration, conservation of biodiversity, and sustainable development of aquatic ecosystems. Physicochemical variables were measured at 34 sites in the Yellow River Delta wetland, Dongying, China, in October 2009, and benthic macro-invertebrate assemblages were collected using a D-frame net and a Peterson grab. The water body in the study area was oligohaline, its salinity ranging between 0.05 and 5 ppt. A total of 84 macro-invertebrate taxa, belonging to 70 genera, 41 families, 12 orders, 6 classes, and 3 phyla, were collected. Insecta comprised 52.4% of all benthic invertebrate taxa, of which Odonata and Diptera accounted for 23% and 24%, respectively. The structure and diversity of macro-invertebrate assemblages were expressed using the Shannon-Wiener index, the Margalef index and the dominance index. Water quality was assessed by the Shannon-Wiener index and the biotic index. The dominant species at most of the sites were either <em>Chironomus</em> spp. or <em>Glyptotendipes</em> spp. with overall dominance indices of 0.0315 and 0.0522, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the Shannon-Wiener index was negatively correlated with total nitrogen (TN) (<em>r</em>=-0.446, <em>P</em>=0.02) but was not correlated with any of the other physicochemical variables measured. The biotic index was not correlated with any of the physicochemical variables. The numbers of molluscan taxa were negatively correlated with salinity (<em>r</em>=-0.422, <em>P</em>=0.028) and positively correlated with pH (<em>r</em>=0.435, <em>P</em>=0.023). Likewise, the percentages of individual Mollusca at the sites were negatively correlated with salinity (<em>r</em>=-0.395, <em>P</em>=0.041) and positively correlated with pH (<em>r</em>=0.565, <em>P</em>=0.002). The numbers of oligochaete taxa were significantly positively correlated with TN (<em>r</em>=0.524, <em>P</em>=0.005). The petroleum content of the water was not correlated with any of the biological indices and was not considered to be a major stressor. Canonical correspondence ordination analysis (CCA) showed that TN, pH, and salinity were the major contributors to the macro-invertebrate community structure, with 12.18% of species variation explained by these three variables. The substrate and hydrophytes also had effects on the structure of the macro-invertebrate communities. Cluster analysis and MDS ordination of sampling sites showed that all sites could be divided into 11 separate groups at the similarity level of 30%. Oligochaeta and Mollusca were the two main taxa responsive to environmental variables. The bio-assessment indicated that the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was a better indicator of water quality than the biotic index. Bio-assessment using the Shannon-Wiener index showed that the water quality of the Yihong River tributary, the Guangli River upstream, the Tiao River upstream, and the Dongzhang reservoir were clean, that nine sites were slightly polluted, and that the remaining sites were moderately to heavily polluted. We proposed that a comprehensive evaluation of water quality should ideally combine the Shannon-Wiener index, the biotic index, and physicochemical measurements. Additionally, other evaluation methods could be developed based on the biological indices for this region, taking into account the special characteristics of this native ecological environment.

Lata Keding is recognised as one of the recreational areas in Jeli, Kelantan. It has the function to protect the riparian plant habitats but it is potentially threatened by anthropogenic activities. This study was aimed to determine riparian plant species diversity and estimate species abundance of riparian plant vegetation at Lata Keding, Jeli, Kelantan. The line transect method was used to collect vegetation data. The line transect was established about one km long and each plant species that exist within 3 m up to 5 m from the river bank were recorded. A total of 2389 individuals belonging to 36 families and 49 species were recorded in the study area. Species diversity with Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) with a value of 2.89, while Hmax was 3.99 and Evenness Index (EH) value was 0.72 for the study area. The most dominant families recorded with a high diversity of plant species were Family Melastomataceae (5 species), Asteraceae (5 species) and Fabaceae (3 species). A total of 529 individuals of Clidemia hirta from Family Melastomataceae was recorded as the most dominant species. Thirty-six species are classified as Not Evaluated (NE), six species classified as Least Concern (LC), four species as Near Threatened (NT), two species Vulnerable (VU) and one species listed as Critically Endangered (CR).

Riparian vegetation performs important ecosystem functions, since it maintains regional biodiversity and provides a range of environmental services. However, anthropogenic activity, land use type, and edge effects are factors that modify the riparian species assemblage and properties. The present study analyzes the influence of adjacent land use on the structure and diversity of riparian vegetation in four hydrographic regions that form the watershed of the river Duero, in the state of Michoacan, Mexico. Using a survey of woody plants of dbh ≥ 2.5 cm in ten different 0.1 ha sites, we found that the average number of stems and individuals was lower under agricultural (AGR) and urban (URB) land use, compared to forested areas (FOR). The proportion of multistemmed plants differs among land uses: this value was greater in AGR than in the FOR and URB categories. This proportion also differed among the four hydrographic regions. The land use type FOR presented the highest alpha and beta diversity, with a high number of native species occurring only in areas defined by this land use. The results indicate that the category FOR plays an important role in the conservation of regional flora and is a possible source of germplasm for restoration programs in sites degraded by human disturbance. This study shows how anthropogenic activities affect riparian vegetation and highlights the importance of further study of this ecosystem to apply sustainable management strategies that are compatible with its conservation.

The high intensity of tourism activities in the Bedengan Watershed may affect the quality of water and soil in the river area, which can be indicated by the density of riparian vegetation. The purpose of this study was to determine the density and diversity of riparian vegetation along the Bedengan River in Selorejo Village, Dau District, Malang Regency. This study employed a systematic quadrat transect vegetation analysis method with descriptive quantitative data analysis. Vegetation density data were calculated using a density formula and supported by abiotic factor data. The determination of sampling locations and data grouping was based on growth criteria to obtain species abundance data using purposive sampling. The study was conducted in the downstream area of the Bedengan River from May to June. The results showed that the total absolute density value of the riparian population was 6.42, indicating that a higher density value corresponds to a higher level of vegetation density. Five plant families were identified, namely Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Oxalidaceae, and Equisetaceae. The most abundant species was Ehrharta erecta, with a total absolute individual density of 2.33. The least abundant species were Albizia julibrissin, Oxalis barrelieri, Emilia sonchifolia, Sorghum halepense, and Bidens bipinnata, each with a total absolute individual density of 0.04. Abiotic component data included soil temperature of 23°C, soil moisture of 4, soil pH of 5.5, air humidity of 75%, water temperature of 20°C, and wind speed of 34 m/s.

Riparian vegetation habitats in irrigation canals provide various ecosystem regulatory services for human life, one of them was providing natural enemies for agricultural pests. This study aims to analyze the abundance of natural enemies at the paddy field, then to figure out the interaction between the riparian vegetation and natural enemies based on four different locations of tertiary irrigation canals at Slamet Village. Arthropods were observed by visual control and yellow pan trap methods. Whereas, riparian vegetation sampling points were determined by purposive sampling. The measured riparian vegetation and natural enemies were described by the important value index (INP), abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), evenness (E), dominance index (Id), and taxa richness (TR). The interaction between the riparian vegetation and natural enemies was analyzed by the PAST 3.20 program. The results showed that the first location of irrigation canals had the highest Shannon-Wiener Index value, taxa richness, evenness, and the lowest dominance value of riparian vegetation with respectively 4.97; 37 species; 0.93; and 0.02. Moreover, it was following with the highest value of natural enemies taxa richness (16 species), total abundance (4450 individuals), H' index (2.37), evenness (0.59), and low dominance index (0.27). Arthropods that act as natural enemies that were commonly found in this location came from the Formicidae, Coenagrionidae, and Coccinelidae families, while the most common pests found are from the Acrididae families. The opposite of that, the fourth location had the highest value of dominance index of riparian vegetation and pest arthropods (0.15; 0.84), H’ index of pest (2.31), taxa richness of pest (0.77), and the total abundance of pest arthropod (942 individuals). Pests that inhabit this location came from the Acrididae, Drosophilidae, Tephritidae, and Aphididae families

Anthropogenic disturbances modify river habitat conditions and influence the distribution of biotic communities. However, the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on macroinvertebrates is unknown for the Subukia River, despite its importance as a source of water for the local people and a habitat for organisms. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of study site locality and seasonal variability on macroinvertebrate characteristics in the Subukia River. Nine study sites were chosen to correspond with livestock watering and human activities such as laundry washing, water abstraction, cultivation, dumping of solid wastes, settlements along the riparian zone and clearance of riparian vegetation. Mean invertebrate abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, a Multimetric index, Taxa richness, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) abundance and richness and Dominance index were determined. The results of the study showed that study site locality had a significant effect on Taxa richness (p=0.003), EPT abundance (p = 0.003) and richness (p=0.02), Shannon-Wiener diversity (p=0.003) and Multimetric index (p=0.003). Seasonal variability only had a significant effect on Taxa richness (p=0.01). In conclusion, most macroinvertebrate characteristics are influenced by anthropogenic disturbances and are less influenced by seasonal variability.

The basin of the Sinos River, located in the northeastern part of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, has been highly impacted by industrial and urban activities. Water quality is low because of domestic and industrial sewage discharges. Most of the tributaries have suffered drastic structural interventions like canalisations and the removal of riparian vegetation. The aims of this study were to: 1) assess the diversity of fish at 34 sampling sites in twenty-four tributaries of the Sinos River basin; 2) quantify impact level by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and an adapted Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI); and 3) check the interference of environmental impacts, formerly quantified in a Stream Corridor Assessment Survey (SCAS), on the fish assembly and 4) compare the relationship between the IBI with stream order. Fish sampling was performed by electric fishing in the period from April 2004 to August 2006. A total of 4,869 individuals were sampled, representing 61 species, 14 families and six orders. Significant relationships of the Shannon-Wiener index and IBI with SCAS scores and stream orders were found. Of all impacts that make up the SCAS score, only channel modifications were significantly correlated with IBI. These results indicate that the adaptation of the IBI was effective and performed better than the Shannon-Wiener diversity index when related directly to specific impact categories. The application of the IBI with the SCAS and the other variables was efficient in the tributaries of the Sinos River basin because it showed the biotic degradation in accordance with changes in physical habitat.