The Tarjīḥ Method of Imām Nawāwi in Resolving Differences of Opinion in the Shāfi'ī School of Thought

The “Internet of things” phenomenon in Industrial Revolution 4.0 provides great opportunities that support and facilitate collaboration. However, to achieve effective collaboration, there are many challenges that the government must anticipate. This descriptive literature study summarizes the results of studies related to the public policy process in local governments that are expected to answer the challenges of bureaucratic reform toward Industrial Revolution 4.0 in Indonesia. This paper uses a descriptive literature study on secondary data for 2016-2023. The results of this descriptive literature study found two subdiscussions which include, bureaucratic reform inconsistency and adaptation to various crisis dynamics. Inconsistency in bureaucratic reform can occur due to a lack of commitment and competence, the professional expertise capacity of bureaucrats, and the emergence of competition between bureaucracy and other actors. In adapting to various crisis dynamics, the ineffectiveness of implementing a public policy appears, so that more proactive activities are needed to mobilize public aspirations, openness to management system approaches, and relevant technological developments as one of the solutions. This paper is expected to provide information and input for regional stakeholders in formulating public policies. Keywords: public policy, local government, bureaucratic reform

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has published Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. These provide a global standard for writing and editing medical articles, including research integrity. However, no study has examined the research integrity-related content of Japanese medical journals' Instructions for Authors. We therefore compared research integrity content in ICMJE member journals with those in the English- and Japanese-language journals of the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences (JAMS). This was a descriptive literature study. We obtained Instructions for Authors from English- and Japanese-language journals listed on the JAMS website and the ICMJE member journals listed on the ICMJE website as of September 1, 2021. We compared the presence of 20 topics (19 in the ICMJE Recommendations plus compliance with ICMJE) in the Instructions for Authors, and analyzed the content of the conflict of interest disclosure. We evaluated 12 ICMJE member journals, and 82 English-language and 99 Japanese-language subcommittee journals. The median number of topics covered was 10.5 for ICMJE member journals, 10 for English-language journals, and three for Japanese-language journals. Compliance with ICMJE was mentioned by 10 (83%) ICMJE member journals, 75 (91%) English-language journals, and 29 (29%) Japanese-language journals. The ICMJE Conflicts of Interest Disclosure Form was requested by seven (64%) ICMJE member journals, 15 (18%) English-language journals, and one (1%) Japanese-language journal. Although the topics in the JAMS English-language journals resembled those in the ICMJE member journals, the median value of ICMJE-related topic inclusion was approximately one-third lower in JAMS Japanese-language journals than in ICMJE member journals. It is hoped that Japanese-language journals whose conflict of interest disclosure policies differ from ICMJE standards will adopt international standards to deter misconduct and ensure publication quality.

The article observes public interests, firstly, as a social regulative system in the Russian law, and secondly, as a scientific conception of law in legal science. It also researches possibilities of building legal constructions based on public interests with an aim to improve the legal regulation. Basing on the general theory of law and administrative law, the authors analyze: 1) the essence and grounds of public interests; 2) transformation of the Russian historical-theoretical conceptions of public interests; 3) modern interpretations of the phenomenon of public interests in the Russian legal doctrine, legislation and judicial practice; 4) some differences in the Western and Russian conceptions of public interests; 5) separate legal mechanics based on public interests. I.e. the authors talk about objectivating public interests, defining its forms of appearance and possibilities of implementation in the Russian society, law and state. Nowadays categories «public interest», «state interest», «social interest», «general public interests» as well as similar ones are widely used in the Russian legal science, law-making and law enforcement. The problem of its defining as well as identifying public and state interests is still not solved. The article emphasizes the absence of legal definition of public interests in the Russian legislation what causes its use as an evaluation category in the law enforcement practice. This follows by uncertainty in the legal regulation. From other side the term remains flexible and movable, helps coordinate moral and legal content, allows take into account specificity of public interests in each and every case. The article observes position of the Constitutional Court of Russia which defines correlation between public interests and similar categories, e.g. general interest. According to the authors’ opinion, public interests form legal mechanics uniting legal principles, institutes and rules. Examples of such mechanics are corporate-public regulation and public-private partnership.

Galangal (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a herbal plant known to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. The use of galangal extract in topical pharmaceutical preparations such as ointments, gels, and creams requires attention to the physical stability of the preparation to ensure the effectiveness and safety of the product. This study aims to examine the physical stability of various forms of galangal extract-based preparations through literature studies from three relevant journals. The method used is a descriptive literature study by analyzing the results of physical stability tests (organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, and viscosity) of ointments, gels, and creams. The results of the study showed that the gel form with a carbopol base provided the best overall physical stability, followed by an ointment with a water-washed base. Meanwhile, sunscreen cream made from galangal and seaweed showed quite good stability, although its spreadability and adhesion still need to be improved. This study provides an overview that the form and composition of the preparation greatly affect the physical stability of galangal extract, as well as the importance of choosing the right base in the formulation.

This article is intended to provide a foundation, reference and overview of the state of readiness of teachers in considering the application of the curriculum (K-13 and KTSP), as well as provide information on teachers' perceptions of the curriculum. This article is useful for teachers in portrait as well as provide information on the implementation of the curriculum (K-13 and SBC). The method used in writing this article is to use qualitative and descriptive study of literature. Data obtained through the study of literature and observation using a structured interview to sample some of the teachers at the elementary school level, junior and senior high schools in Rokan Hulu to randomize sampling. After re-analyzed, the use of curriculum in Rokan Hulu found that more teachers agree with the curriculum in 2013 based on the existing system in K-13, but they were found to in Rokan Hulu itself is more efficient when using the SBC because the school facilities and good infrastructure does not support the implementation of the K-13 runs perfectly. Starting from the statement "if you want to K13, must complete infrastructure and support, develop what is there not to upset or half-half". Of this paper is known that the curriculum in 2013 demand for teachers at all levels of schools in the district Rokan Hulu, but in practice advice and inadequate infrastructure that does not yet support the implementation of K13. AbstrakPenelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan landasan, referensi dan gambaran dari keadaan kesiapan guru dalam mempertimbangkan penerapan kurikulum (K-13 dan KTSP), serta memberikan informasi tentang persepsi guru kurikulum. Artikel ini berguna bagi guru dalam potret serta memberikan informasi tentang pelaksanaan kurikulum (K-13 dan SBC). Metode yang digunakan dalam menulis artikel ini adalah dengan menggunakan studi kualitatif dan deskriptif sastra. Data yang diperoleh melalui studi literatur dan observasi menggunakan wawancara terstruktur untuk sampel beberapa guru di tingkat SD, SMP dan SMA di Kabupaten Rokan Hulu untuk mengacak sampling. Setelah dianalisa ulang, penggunaan kurikulum di Rokan Hulu menemukan bahwa lebih banyak guru setuju dengan kurikulum tahun 2013 berdasarkan sistem yang ada di K-13, tetapi mereka ditemukan di Rokan Hulu sendiri adalah lebih efisien bila menggunakan SBC karena sarana dan prasarana sekolah yang baik tidak mendukung pelaksanaan K-13 berjalan dengan sempurna. Mulai dari pernyataan "jika Anda ingin K13, harus melengkapi infrastruktur dan dukungan, mengembangkan apa yang ada untuk tidak marah atau setengah-setengah". Makalah ini diketahui bahwa kurikulum pada 2013 permintaan untuk guru di semua tingkatan sekolah di kabupaten Rokan Hulu, tetapi dalam saran praktek dan infrastruktur yang tidak memadai yang belum mendukung pelaksanaan K13.

The aim of this research is to find out about the contribution of educational psychology to curriculum development, as well as its contribution to student development. The research method used in this research is a descriptive literature study. In the Gen Z education era, students' interest in learning is the main focus in implementing classroom management functions. Several internal and external factors influence this interest in learning. Internal factors include curriculum, teaching methods, technology, and the quality of teacher-student relationships, while external factors include the influence of social media, family pressure, and the surrounding environment. Gen Z students are more responsive to flexible and interactive learning, with an emphasis on appropriate modern technology. A curriculum that gives students freedom to study topics of interest or adjust study time to their activities is very important. The use of variations in teaching methods, such as varied presentations and using multimedia, can maintain students' interest in learning. Even though technology provides access to broad information and interactive learning, excessive use can disrupt the learning process, so it needs to be managed in a balanced manner. Positive relationships between teachers and students are a key factor in increasing interest in learning, enabling appropriate and interesting learning arrangements. Social media can be a major distraction and its wise use is necessary to maintain student focus. Pressure from the family can also influence students' interest in learning, so a supportive environment must be created by the teacher. A deep understanding of students' surroundings allows teachers to design classroom management strategies that are more relevant and interesting, involving collaboration between schools, families and communities.

The large number of divorces that occur in Indonesia is due to the failure of the establishment of a Sakinah family so that it is a very fundamental case in Islamic law. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reveal the values ​​of the sakinah family placed by the Prophet Adam and Eve. This study uses a descriptive literature study using content analysis methods and comparative approaches. QS. Al-Baqarah verses 35-37 become the main object with the focus of the study on four interpretations, namely al-Baghawi, Ibn Kathir, al-Alusi, and al-Maraghi. This research found that 1) family life is a nature from the time of Azali; 2) sakinah family can be realized with equality in a love relationship, fulfillment of basic household needs, obedience to sharia rules; 3) sakinah life can be damaged due to violations of Sharia rules and third party intervention; and 4) the destruction of sakinah life can be fixed with each party having an awareness of the mistakes that have been made and then repenting to Allah SWT

Throughout its history, the Church has faced various internal and external problems, including divisions (schism), heresy, and social changes that require the Church to continue to adapt to the dynamics of an ever-changing world. Modern challenges such as secularism, moral relativism, and developments in technology and information also affect the lives of Christians. This research will comprehensively review various dimensions of Ecclesiology doctrine, starting from the basic understanding of the Church according to the Bible, the role of the Church in the Christian tradition, as well as the historical development of the concept of the Church. Apart from that, it will also be discussed how the Church plays a role in the lives of believers through sacraments, proclamation of the Gospel, and social action. The method used in this research is descriptive literature study using various sources such as books, journals, articles related to church doctrine. The research findings show that church doctrine has an important role in the lives of Christians. This is based on the teachings contained in church doctrine being the basis of Christian faith. Abstrak Sepanjang sejarahnya, Gereja telah menghadapi berbagai masalah internal maupun eksternal, termasuk perpecahan (skisma), ajaran sesat (heresy), dan perubahan sosial yang mengharuskan Gereja untuk terus menyesuaikan diri dengan dinamika dunia yang terus berubah. Tantangan-tantangan modern seperti sekularisme, relativisme moral, serta perkembangan teknologi dan informasi yang juga mempengaruhi kehidupan umat Kristen. Penelitian ini akan mengulas secara komprehensif berbagai dimensi dalam doktrin Eklesiologi, dimulai dari pengertian dasar Gereja menurut Alkitab, peran Gereja dalam tradisi Kristen, serta perkembangan historis konsep Gereja. Selain itu, akan dibahas pula bagaimana Gereja berperan dalam kehidupan umat beriman melalui sakramen, pewartaan Injil, serta tindakan sosial. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu deskriptis studi kepustakaan dengan berbagai sumber seperti buku, jurnal, artikel yang berkaitan dengan doktrin gereja. Adapun hasil temuan peneliti, bahwa doktrin gereja memiliki peran penting terhadap kehidupan umat Kristen. Hal ini berdasarkan, ajaran yang ada pada doktrin gereja menjadi dasar iman umat Kristen.

Conflict is something that cannot be avoided in social life. With the conflict, the community will be more intelligent in dealing with life and life. That is what is seen in the Drupadi novel by Seno Gumira Ajidarma. Seno Gumira Ajidarma manifests social conflict by using the uniqueness of abstract language. Social conflict is portrayed by Seno Gumira Ajidarma by asserting something with others so that the social conflict that is portrayed becomes more interesting, because it is very different in its delivery with other works. Based on then this study aims to describe the forms of social conflict and the causes of social conflict. This type of research is qualitative using the method of analysis description to explain the results of the study. The data collection technique used is descriptive literature study. The results showed that the forms and causes of social conflict were found in the form of (1) Gender conflict caused by social change, (2) Inter-group conflict caused by individual differences, (3) Conflict of interest caused by conflict of interests both in terms of economic or political, (4) Interpersonal conflicts caused by individual differences, (5) Conflicts between Social Classes, (6) Conflicts between countries / nations caused by conflicts of interests both economically or politically.

This study aims to determine the role of social media for novice voter participation in elections. A descriptive literature study is applied with an analysis of previous journals as well as data collection on the same topic through social media, such as Facebook and Twitter. Study findings show that social media has become the main object of novice voters in getting information about elections. Novice voters who are mostly millennials have been introduced to the sophistication of the internet, and exposed by various data through sundry sources. The main information source for the millennial generation, however, is social media, which serves to express their freedom as well as allowing political participation in the digital era. With the imperative position of social media, it is plausible therefore for the government to use it for political socialization aiming at increasing political participation of the novice voters

This study aims to review the potential use of xFunc software in improving junior high school students' computational thinking skills in mathematics learning. The method used is a descriptive literature study by analyzing 10 selected articles from 72 articles searched through Publish or Perish in the period 2019–2024. The results of the study indicate that although it has not been studied much directly, xFunc has features that are relevant to computational thinking components, such as decomposition, algorithms, and visualization of mathematical expressions. These findings recommend the need for further empirical research to optimize the integration of xFunc as an interactive learning medium at the junior high school level.

Indonesia gets the peak demographic bonus in 2020-2030, which is characterized by a higher number of productive ages compared to the number of non-productive ages. Along with this bonus demography, Indonesia also entered the era of industrial revolution 40. Of course this has become a challenge for all sectors, both the government, educational institutions and students who are prepared to enter the workforce with a new system, namely industry 4.0 where more work is taken by robotic system or technology. The accounting profession is one of the fields that is challenged to change in order to be able to face the challenges of the effects of the industrial revolution 4.0. This research is a descriptive literature study, where the researcher tries to discuss the challenges that will be faced by accountants and prospective accountants in the Indonesian demographic bonus period and in the era of industrial revolution 4.0.

Financial management in education holds a central position in building an effective and sustainable education system. However, during the era of Umar bin Abdul Aziz, it did not receive adequate historical attention. This research aims to evaluate the financial management of education during that period through a descriptive literature study. The results indicate that financial management of education at that time encompassed financial planning, fair salary distribution, infrastructure development, and administrative evaluation such as fund recording. Umar bin Abdul Aziz also promoted values of integrity in governance. A progressive and transformative educational leader is needed for dynamic education policies and optimal financial management. In conclusion, the role of key leaders is crucial in creating a robust and sustainable education system.

The aim of this research is to describe the implications arising from the introduction of DSN-MUI Fatwa No.85/DSN-MUI/XII/2012 on Ijarah Muntahiya Bittamlik (IMBT). This study analyzes the practices of IMBT based on the guidelines which are Fatwa DSN-MUI No.27/2002 and PSAK 107, Accounting for Ijarah after aplication of DSN-MUI Fatwa No.85/DSN-MUI/XII/2012. This research is a descriptive literature study. The findings indicate that the application of the DSN-MUI Fatwa No.85/DSN-MUI/XII/ 2012 is needed by transactions using Wa’d especially IMBT because it can bring benefits, as they ensure legal certainty and the continuity of contracts. However, there is another impact of the adoption of DSN-MUI Fatwa No.85/DSN-MUI/XII/ 2012, namely IMBT has a Ta'alluq risk and potentially meet the criteria of a conditional purchase. Referring to the adoption of PSAK 107, DSN-MUI Fatwa No.85/DSN-MUI/XII/2012, it also results in the risk of Capital Lease criteria fulfillment on the akad of IMBT

Learning Arabic will only develop if we analyse the textbooks used. This study aims to analyse the electronic book of Arabic Online based on Tua'ima's theory. The assessment of this book is based on Tuaima's theory that this book is ideal, based on the preparation of book material following Tuaima's theory in preparing teaching materials. The theory consists of the general statements of the book, its output, the basis of its composition, language, linguistic skills, cultural teaching, and training. As for the research methodology in this study, the researcher used a descriptive literature study, and the types of research data were words and sentences consisting of a book. The data sources are books or references and lecturers who are experts in teaching Arabic. Among the research tools are observation and interviews, and the data collection methods used for research are reading and classification.