Abstract
Electron diffraction shows the structure of face-centred cubic metal surfaces (polycrystalline nickel, copper, silver, gold, platinum, aluminium; and single-crystal nickel {110} and copper and nickel {001} faces) abraded unidirectionally on 4/0 or 3/0 emery paper at similar 1 kg load. Four main regions are distinguished: (i) down to similar 50 Å mean depth the metal is heavily disoriented; (ii) from similar 50 to several hundred Å there is a backwardly inclined <110> orientation with additional {111} twinning; (iii) from several hundred Å to several thousand Å - as in (ii) but the tilt δ increases progressively to similar 30-35°, and one twin predominates, so that a normal <100> orientation is simulated; (iv) a deeper region of transition to the underlying undisturbed initial structure, which is several micrometres below the surface.
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