The Study of Law And Its Historiography From A Gender Perspective

Introduction This research focuses on concepts of sexual diversity, gender perspective and curriculum; showing whether or not are they present in the undergraduate Occupational Therapy training, at the University of Magallanes, Chile. Objective To know the existence and manifestations of gender and sexual diversity perspectives in the occupational therapy curriculum. Method Mixed study, with descriptive scope and feminist design with gender perspective, where data is collected from official documents (curriculum and subject programs) and from the experiences and stories of students and teachers. Results Whit respect to the curriculum of the Occupational Therapy degree 2020, it is possible to observe the preferential use of masculine, the inexistence of typographic strategies, splitting, or other alternative strategies. In relation to the use of inclusive language in the degree programs, a total of 23 subject programs were reviewed, in which it can be seen that there is a majority effort to be inclusive, being the most used strategies the use of neutral expressions and impersonal forms. Regarding to the perceptions of teachers and students on the inclusion of gender and sexual diversity perspectives in the hidden curriculum of the occupational therapy degree and classroom strategies, it was evidenced that both groups recognized the importance of these approaches for a more equitable learning. Conclusion An evolution is observed over time, with more inclusive practices, being necessary even more development.

Public spaces are crucial to everyday life, providing sites for community interaction, mobility, and recreation. Traditionally, however, urban planning has been shaped by a gendered perspective that privileges masculine assumptions that overlook intersectional needs and reinforce societal inequalities for women and girls. This special issue, ‘Let Her Guide You’, developed in partnership with UN-Habitat as part of the Her City initiative, underscores the imperative of incorporating gender and youth perspectives into urban planning and design. The Her City Initiative, a collaboration between UN-Habitat and the Shared City Foundation, advances this goal by equipping urban actors worldwide with tools to integrate the perspectives of girls and young women into urban development. Launched in 2021, the Her City Toolbox has supported over 350 independent initiatives with registered users in 120 countries, demonstrating its effectiveness in fostering inclusive urban environments. This special issue features papers by young academic scholars selected from the Her City Master students alumni network, including case studies of feminist planning from Heerlen (The Netherlands), Nairobi (Kenya), Stockholm (Sweden), and Weimar (Germany). It also includes a diverse range of invited viewpoints advocating for collaborative approaches to urban development together with girls and young women, complemented by illustrative case studies from around the globe, including Belgium, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Mozambique, Palestine, Peru, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand, Uganda, and the United Kingdom. By centring gender and youth perspectives in the urban planning process, this special issue highlights the potential to transform public spaces into more equitable, engaging, and sustainable environments. It calls on city makers, researchers, and community leaders to ensure that contemporary cities are designed with and for everyone.

A gender perspective on work-related accidents

UN Security Council Resolution 1325 of 2000 provided that peace agreements should adopt a ‘gender perspective’. This commitment has been reiterated in women, peace and security resolutions since that time. This article uses a mixed qualitative and quantitative analysis to consider when and how peace agreements have adopted a gender perspective, using a new PA-X peace agreement database to analyse over 1500 peace and transition agreements from between 1990 and 2016. It goes further to consider how inclusion of women is related to the other forms of political and group inclusion contemplated to form part of the new political settlement. The article begins by examining what might be meant by a ‘gender perspective in peace agreements’. It maps out when and how peace agreements provide for women, girls and gender, but also for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans communities, and for ‘men and boys’ and ‘family’ at different stages of a peace process. The article provides new data on the implementation of agreement commitments and specifically those issues singled out for attention by UNSC 1325. Finally, we consider the inclusion project on offer to women and its relationship to the conceptualisation of the conflict and its solution, by considering the relationship between gender, power-sharing and transitional justice. In summary, analysis of the dataset provides three main findings. First provision for women is still largely limited to once-off provisions, or issues relating to the victimhood of women, with holistic attempts to adopt a ‘gender perspective’ relatively rare. Second, the inclusion of women in peace agreement texts tends to be located in the more comprehensive stages of the agreement, with little consideration given to women and gender at either pre-negotiation stages of a peace process, or implementation stages. Third, surprisingly perhaps, political power-sharing is shown to be strongly correlated with several measures of gender inclusion rather than marking an exclusive focus on the inclusion of the groups at the heart of the conflict. In conclusion we argue that peace agreements indicate the presence of ‘principled pragmatism’ whereby elite commitments to political equality are used by a range of groups to push for a more pluralist conception of the peace settlement as also concerned with the political equality of groups beyond the conflict actors.

Within interdisciplinary space studies (geography, urban sociology, architecture, etc.) in Japan, since the mid-1990s men have increasingly recognized that gender perspectives are important. It is, however, questionable whether men sufficiently recognize their gender positionality, the recognition of which is indispensable to a gender perspective. In this paper, I highlight this problem by taking the example of a social housing project, the South Block of Haitaun Kitagata in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. The South Block of Haitaun Kitagata is a large-scale social housing estate designed by a male architect, Arata Isozaki, in the latter half of the 1990s. He tried to raise the quality of amenities by adopting a gender perspective and to this end appointed exclusively female designers (four Japanese and three non-Japanese). I have examined to what extent he was able to incorporate successfully a gender perspective into this housing project from four standpointsU the architect himself, the residents, the female designers, and the prefectural government of Gifu. First, I examined Isozaki's perception of gender issues as expressed in Japanese architecture journals. It became obvious that for him a gender perspective was simply a female one. Hence, he merely expected the female architects to incorporate a gender perspective into the building design, without thinking about his own gender positionality. There was, however, no critical discussion pointing out this problem, even though the building exterior and the concept's uniqueness were commented upon with keen interest in Japanese architectural circles. Second, through a questionnaire and interviews targeting the residents, it became clear that this housing project had some problems in relation to its amenities. The residents expressed disappointment at the quality of the amenities and attributed this to a lack of feminity in the female designers. This is because they had expected that female architects would place greater importance on amenities for daily living than male architects, due to their feminity. Third, I examined the ideas of the female designers as articulated through their discourses in Japanese architectural journals. I found that the female designers placed heavy emphasis on the building exterior instead of on amenities for the residents. This means that they had not played the female gender role expected by the male architect. Fourth, I explored how the prefectural government of Gifu, which is in charge of the management of this housing project, contributed to its construction. It became clear that the male governor of the prefecture had accepted the gender plan of the male architect on the basis of public building policy, rather than on the basis of gender-affirmative policies. In conclusion, the South Block of Haitaun Kitagata failed to incorporate a design based on a gender perspective and thus ended up being built based upon a design with the conventional male logic. This was because men tend simply to think of gender perspectives as only female concepts and thus are likely to neglect the issue of male positionality when incorporating gender perspectives into space. Thus it becomes obvious that gender perspectives are still not fully understood by men in Japanese space studies.

An increasingly intensive activity has been noticed recently at the international level with regard to the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 and associated resolutions. More and more international events regarding women, peace and security are being organised every year, education and training programmes as well as a conceptual framework of the gender perspective are being developed, and system solutions in both international organisations and national structures are being put forward. One of such solutions is the appointment of ambassadors for women, peace and security, as well as of gender advisors on gender perspective. Last year, a full-time advisor position in this field was set up at the General Staff of the Slovenian Armed Forces. Being a subject matter expert for the area of gender perspective in the Slovenian Armed Forces, I am pleased that the importance of the agenda regarding women, peace and security has been recognised and that a publication has been issued at the academic level by involving experts and gaining support from the leadership. I am grateful to my international colleagues for their papers, for having kindly responded to the invitation to share their views, solutions and experiences with us. This is indeed the main value of this publication: sharing is caring. The set of topics demonstrates to what extent the Resolution and the gender perspective are implemented, ranging from the international level, through national solutions and to the realisation in international operations and missions. Although Resolution 1325 is extensively explained in individual papers, I would like to introduce several key factors linking the Resolution and the gender perspective, to proffer a better understanding of the topic and emphasise why the integration of the gender perspective is vital for both Slovenian and international landscape. The basis for this discussion are conceptual solutions of international organisations and my participation in the NATO Committee on Gender Perspectives. Actions like this are vital for they aim to develop the said area and encourage new ways of thinking,thereby highlighting compound gender-related topics and informing the practices of Slovenian Armed Forces. Resolution 1325 is a milestone for the role of women in conflict prevention and resolution, in peace processes, humanitarian response and in post conflict reconstruction. It underlines three interlinking factors, i.e. women, peace and security. There is no security without peace, and no peace without a safe and secure environment. Moreover, there is no peace and security without addressing the entire population. In the past, women were frequently excluded from peace processes. If solely one perspective is included, the expected result can be partial. In 15 years since the adoption of Resolution 1325, the increased asymmetric threats in a complex security environment have resulted in the need for more comprehensive approaches to ensure security and peace around the world. During this time, many facts which were ignored in the past have been seriously discussed at the international level with the aim of finding solutions. Armed conflicts and the post-conflict period affect women differently than men. Boys and girls too are affected differently, in relative terms. Importantly, acts of men and women in such circumstances can be either different or the same, but due to socially constructed perceptions they are accepted differently. More particularly, it should be stressed that socially constructed is their gender, which is a concept that this introduction defines as social and cultural characteristics associated with a given sex (whereas sex refers to biological differences between males, females, and intersex persons, and is assigned at birth). Gender as such materialises in our reality: for example, while during armed conflicts the majority of men are recruited for combat tasks, women stay at home with children or are forced to leave their homes. That is why they make up the majority of internally displaced persons and refugees both on refugee routes and in refugee camps. Their safety is compromised in such circumstances; they are often targeted by groups of combatants, kidnapped, enslaved or abused. It should also be noted that girls and boys are not exposed in the same way: girls can be subject to pre- mature and forced marriages, boys to early recruitment into combatant groups. As regards the general recognition of the role of men and women in armed conflicts and beyond, the most common perception is of women as victims and men as combatants. However, the truth is that women also are combatants and strong actors for peace, and men are victims of intentionally committed acts. Furthermore, a serious problem in contemporary conflicts is sexual and gender-based violence. This is an alarming issue. This form of violence is predominantly inflicted against women, although also girls, boys and men suffer from it, either in the form of torture or as a weapon of war. It could be said that the gender perspective in relation to international operations and missions has, on the one hand, developed for the purpose of implementing Resolution 1325 and, on the other hand, resulted from militaries’ experiences. Central to the gender perspective in international operations and missions is making women’s and men’s experiences and concerns integral to operation processes, whilst taking into account the different security-related situations these individuals face in line with their gender. As it has been argued, there is evidence that women and men, boys and girls, face different security risks - a process underpinned by the way their masculinities and femininities are perceived in a given culture and society, i.e. gender. Being able to recognise and understand the entire security situation as broadly as possible is crucial for operational effectiveness. Recognising the routes of women, which are usually different from routes used by men due to their individual gender roles, can affect the execution of an operation. Such information influences the provision of security, force protection and operational success. Therefore, the integration of the gender perspective into every process at all levels and in every stage of action is of extreme importance; comprehensive information on situation in the area of operation contribute to decisions of those in command. Experiences gained in international operations and missions have led to observations on certain limitations in the execution of tasks, particularly at the tactical level, for example as regards the exclusion of women from the local environment, particularly in those areas of operation where women are not allowed to communicate publicly with unknown men and where the structure and personnel are predominantly male. The inclusion of the gender perspective into task accomplishment has thus become a necessity to which international organisations, such as UN, NATO, the EU and other have drawn attention. In their structures, the contemporary armed forces need both female and male members at all levels and on different duties. This holds true for the fulfilment of tasks in international operations and missions and for the execution of tasks in domestic environment. International organisations tend to increasingly emphasize the importance of the inclusion of women into all structures; however, questions regarding women in armed forces keep appearing in the military, particularly as regards gender equality, physical performance of women and removal of restrictions in relation to the fulfilment of certain duties for women. There are growing tendencies to implement the gender equality principle, whereby a risk of equating equality with sameness may appear in the militaries. However, to perceive equality as sameness can lead to unilateral or too general solutions. Concerns, for example, that taking into account the biological differences between men and women in setting the standards could mean lower criteria and poorer performance actually lead to more important question: are standards really defined according to the requirements of individual duties or are they too general, and are they also established on the basis of the inclusion of gender perspective? It is crucial to understand that different tasks require different competences and preparedness of an individual. Indeed, the truth is that men and women will never be the same. There is variety between males and females which should be recognised as an advantage and not as a weakness. Failing to include the spectrum of gender, the wholeness cannot be reached; the inclusion of both male and female perspective on the same issue leads to integrity by bringing together the diversity. Due to changing security environment, we all are faced with new challenges, requiring even stronger networking of organisations both at the national and international levels in order to ensure comprehensive and effective solutions. Meteorological changes causing large-scale destruction call more often for the engagement of the armed forces in search and rescue tasks. Last year, mass migration from conflict zones, the Middle East and Africa to Europe required the involvement of the armed forces into tasks at home. Similarly as in fulfilling the tasks in international operations and missions, the armed forces and other government and non-government organisations dealing with refugees and migrants were faced with different cultures, where socially determined roles of men and women have great significance. Such circumstances promote further knowledge about the integration of gender perspective in new directions. The fundamental fact that the society is made up of women and men, girls and boys, remains, just as the diversity which, in its integrity, should bring us all towards ensuring security and peace. I wish you a

The study analyzed the crime of grooming based on the ruling “R.T.E. s/ Grooming (art. 131 C.P.)” in the province of Río Negro, considering its legal and social relevance from a gender and childhood perspective. It examined how the defendant, a mathematics teacher, established contact with a 12-year-old girl through the social network Snapchat, building a relationship of trust through deception and manipulation. The study highlighted the evidentiary difficulties inherent in sexual crimes committed in digital environments, where the automatic deletion of messages and content hindered the collection of evidence. The application of the Belém do Pará Convention was assessed as a basis for expanding evidentiary standards and incorporating a gender perspective into judicial interpretation. Likewise, the importance of the victim's testimony as primary evidence was considered, recognizing its validity within the framework of the principle of progressive autonomy. The analysis pointed out that the incorporation of a non-androcentric and non-adult-centric perspective in the justice system was essential to guarantee equitable and lawful decisions. Finally, it was concluded that the case contributed to highlighting the need for a regulatory and procedural framework consistent with international human rights treaties that effectively protect the sexual integrity of children and adolescents against new forms of digital violence.

In this article, I argue that the “Mother of the Messiah” occupies a prominent place in Jewish myth and embodies a female archetype whose qualities are rooted in biblical narratives about the Davidic dynasty. While tracing the continuous development of this figure from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, I discuss the similarities and differences between Mary the mother of Jesus and the Mothers of the House of David. By using gender and psychoanalytical perspectives, my analysis revolves around issues concerning sexuality, virginity, and motherhood in Jewish and Christian messianic sources.

The purpose of this research are to conduct an inventory of village poverty problems, describe the actual conditions of rural women poverty map, analyze the poverty alleviation programs with a gender perspective, as well as an overview of coordination between relevant agencies poverty alleviation programs, formulate policy design strategy model of poverty reduction through socio-cultural approach and economics. This research is qualitative approach. Data are collected through observation, documentation, and depth interview. Research subjects are officials and community members of poverty alleviation programs. It can be revealed that the numbers of poor households in Sleman Regency are 45.037 families (13.89 persen). Various poverty alleviation programs have been conducted by various work units, but the synergy among units in the poverty eradication program not yet works, although the target data used program has been one source. Programs among agencies run their own because they often work in sectoral programs. The results of the research can be summarized as follows: Sleman district government strongly supports reduction gender perspective model, since there is a gender disparity in Sleman, which can be seen from index of 79.29 persen, gender development index 75.76 persen and gender inequality gap 3.65 persen. This is due to the access to better education school are male dominated; Access to capital strengthening male-dominated, women still lack of access. Poverty alleviation models with a gender perspective can be tested in Sleman, and will be a pioneer for women with access to poverty reduction. The results of the questionnaire showed that the stage in the design of the model is expressed well, and the meaning of each stage is considered good. Thus, the model of a gender perspective in poverty reduction strategies can be tested.

Rates of gender-based violence remain high during college in India, a time of adolescent malleability where gender norms, gender perspectives, and responses to violence are open to change. Few gender-based violence interventions focus on college students and even fewer on bystander intervention as a preventative approach - a concept novel to India. This cross-sectional study reached 603 college students in India to examine current gender norms and perspectives, bystander intervention behaviours, and discussion of gender-based violence on campuses. Statistically significant differences were found between male and female college students in all scenarios of bystander intervention response and frequency of discussion of gender-based violence. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed significant differences in those who had never seen violence or had a positive bystander intervention response, compared to those who responded negatively. Given the findings, targeting college students appears a promising approach to change the narrative of gender-based violence and norms in India.

Incorporating the gender or feminist perspective transversally into scientific knowledge is a need highlighted from different quarters. Despite this, this recommendation has not yet been widely implemented, and the response to the crisis caused by the coronavirus COVID-19 is no exception. This article offers suggestions on how to understand and respond to it from the vantage point of social psychology with a gender perspective.

The gender sensitivity of judges towards women in court is crucial to ensure that judgments provide a sense of justice and accommodate the rights of wives after divorce. This article aims to analyze judges' considerations from philosophical, juridical, and sociological aspects in divorce judgments due to nushūz (disobedience) from a gender perspective, addressing two main questions: 1) how judges use a gender perspective in deciding divorce cases due to nushūz, and 2) what factors influence judges' decisions in divorce cases due to nushūz from a gender perspective. This research employs qualitative research methods, which is a case study design, with juridical and gender approaches. The primary data source is derived from the rulings of the Religious High Court of Kupang No. 009/Pdt.G/2015/PTA.Kp obtained from the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia's website, and judge interviews as supporting data, which were analyzed using content analysis. The research findings indicate that from a gender perspective, judges exhibit gender bias in categorizing nushūz as if nushūz can only be committed by wives, whereas nushūz can be committed by both husbands and wives. Judges' interpretations of nushūz are still influenced by the content of the law, the culture of the law, and its structure of the law. This study implies that judges should undergo gender-based training or workshops organized by judicial institutions or universities to enhance their gender sensitivity in deciding legal cases, especially nushūz cases.

The relation between office type and workplace conflict: A gender and noise perspective

This reflective piece seeks to show how teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in primary schools can include a gender perspective as a tool to promote and develop social transformation and reflection when integrating Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) in their lessons using different literary materials. The development of a gender perspective involves a critical examination of power and unequal relations between sexed bodies. In the case of Argentina, the passing of Law 26,150 created a National CSE Program, which enforces the teaching of a responsible sexuality education from a gender and human rights perspective. This article describes some of the literary materials and initiatives that we, two EFL primary level teachers, have designed and implemented for the development of such perspective in our lessons following a critical and dialogical pedagogy. We hope these initiatives can help other EFL teachers carry out similar practices according to their contexts.

In this text, we present the contributions of the Spain-based project Rereadings. Museum Itineraries from a Gender Perspective, which aims to present to the public the collections of 11 Valencian museums, of various kinds and under different types of ownership, from a gender and queer perspective. Rereadings uses virtual itineraries and QR codes to contribute to the study of gender. Thus, technology is used as a basis for information dissemination, analysis, and debate. The struggle against androcentrism and heteropatriarchy has generated a greater inclusion of women, other genders, and diverse sexualities in traditional museum discourse. New technologies function as one of the fundamental pillars of the project; their purpose is to disseminate museum itineraries as works in progress, and to promote education and access. Rereadings offers a forum for public discussion that questions androcentrism and the Western sexand gender-based binary system, while increasing the visibility and acceptance of alternative and transgender identities.