The Struggles for Life of The Main Characters on A Man Called Otto(2022) Movie : An Individual Psychological Approach

The article examines and analyzes the main provisions of the individual psychology of A. Adler, one of the leading representatives of neo-Freudianism, whose theory has significantly influenced the development of modern psychological thought. Individual psychology is considered as a humanistically oriented approach, based on the idea of ​​a person as a holistic, social being capable of self-development and responsibility for his life. Particular attention in the work is paid to the analysis of such key concepts as a sense of inferiority, inferiority complex, compensation mechanisms, striving for superiority, lifestyle, social interest, "Creative Self". The peculiarities of the influence of A. Adler's ideas on the development of humanistic, cognitive-behavioral and positive approaches in modern psychology are revealed. The theoretical analysis conducted allows us to conclude that A. Adler's individual psychology remains relevant in modern conditions. Her ideas contribute to the formation of a holistic vision of a person, focused on developing the positive potential of the individual, increasing the level of social interest, and a responsible attitude towards oneself and society. It is concluded that Adlerian ideas remain relevant today and can be constructively integrated into psychotherapeutic practice (especially when working with self-esteem, life crises, interpersonal conflicts), psychological counseling, educational programs for personality development, etc. Further research aimed at developing interventions that promote the development of social interaction, an active lifestyle, and strengthening the value correspondence of life goals with the public good is promising.

Extending Individual Psychology Theory and Practice Through Empirical and Scholarly Research Jon Sperry and Len Sperry The first article in this issue, “Feeling Equal to Others Predicts Life Satisfaction: Implications for Adlerian Neuro-Counselors,” is by Wilson and Dowda. The authors present their research on predictors of life satisfaction among adults older than age 65. They examined longitudinal data among Americans age 65 and older who completed a survey on Religion, Aging, and Health in both 2001 and 2004 (United States). Through use of logical regression they found that variables such as feelings of having worth at least equal to that of others, looking on the bright side of things, and being optimistic about one’s future predicted life satisfaction at significant levels. Another article, “Predictors of Post-Traumatic Growth: The Role of Social Interest and Meaning in Life,” by Grad and Zeligman, examines the predictive nature of social interest and meaning in life on post-traumatic growth (PTG) in a sample of 531 college students who have experienced at least one traumatic event in their lives. Participants completed the BASIS-A Inventory, Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and Post-traumatic Growth Inventory. The authors found that social interest and meaning in life served as significant predictors of PTG, together accounting for 8.3% of the variance. Grad and Zeligman concluded that both meaning in life and social interest are important factors that contribute to post-traumatic growth among college students. The links among social interest, adult attachment, and well-being in romantic relationships is explored in a quantitative study by Rennebohm, Seebeck, and Thoburn, “Attachment, Dyadic Adjustment, and Social Interest: An Indirect Effects Model.” From a sample of 246 university staff, faculty, and students, the authors report that social interest assists in better explaining the relationships between adult attachment and well-being in romantic relationships (dyadic adjustment). Hartshorne presents a clinical piece, “An Adlerian Looks at Challenging Behavior in Severe Disability.” The author discusses his experience after [End Page 171] 28 years of having a son with CHARGE syndrome. The article presents an Adlerian understanding of challenging behaviors when working with clients living with severe disabilities. He also discusses how Adlerian constructs, such as courage to be imperfect, psychology of use, purposefulness of behavior, and goals of misbehavior, as well as life tasks, are useful in conceptualizing and treating individuals with severe disabilities. Johansen’s article “Well-Being Therapy and Adlerian Psychology: Revisiting the Task of Self” reviews well-being therapy and how it is compatible with Individual Psychology theory and techniques. Johansen discusses how the task of self has some theoretical overlap with well-being therapy, as both seek to foster a sense of purpose and self-acceptance. Additionally, Johansen recommends applying well-being therapy in the orientation stage of treatment. The final article in the issue, by Eriksson, “Adlerian Psychology and Music Therapy: The Harmony of Sound and Matter and Community Feeling,” adds to the discussion Dreikurs started some 60 years ago when he founded the National Association of Music Therapy. The article provides a framework for how Individual Psychology informs the practice of music therapy, given that music therapy in a group setting can serve as a metaphor for social interest, communication, and community. Eriksson reviews a number of theoretical and practice implications from various Individual Psychology music therapy practitioners. In summary, all the articles in this issue add to the rich philosophical principles articulated by Alfred Adler. The authors have provided a wealth of clinical knowledge and research to extend the theory of Individual Psychology. Next, we enthusiastically welcome a new managing editor to the JIP editorial team, Ali Cunningham, PhD, an assistant professor at Lynn University in Boca Raton, Florida. Cunningham brings great enthusiasm and various ideas to promote the growth of the journal. Last, this open issue falls between two special issues edited by the late Dr. Jon Carlson. [End Page 172] Copyright © 2017 University of Texas Press

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the individual psychology of the main character in the film The Pursuit of Happiness. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Based on an analysis of 30 data, 6 individual psychology of the main character were found. The types of individual psychology and percentages are as follows: inferiority complex (3 data) or 10%, superior (9 data) or 30%, lifestyle (10 data) or 33.3%, creative self (1 data) or 3.3%, pseudo-goals (3 data) or 10%, and social interest (4 data) or 13.3%.

Corporate Style of Life:An Adlerian Conceptualization Told in a Personal Account Allan Cox (bio), Eva Dreikurs Ferguson (bio), Linda J. Page, and Eva Dreikurs Ferguson, Column Editors In the working environment, relations among people can be far more complex than in other spheres of human life. The focus of this column is to show how the ideas and methods of Individual Psychology are useful in the workplace as well as to compare Adlerian methods with other approaches. Individual dynamics as well as organizational and group dynamics issues are discussed in detail. Potential contributors are encouraged to submit manuscripts, including case studies, illustrating the application of Individual Psychology to business and organizational settings. Send manuscripts to Linda J. Page, Adler International Learning, 890 Yonge Street, 9th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3P4, Canada, ljpage@adler.ca. The concept of style of life is central to the way Alfred Adler (1939, 1952, 1959) described personality. As described by Ferguson (2015, p. 2), lifestyle refers to “a person’s long-term orientation over his or her life span … to a person’s basic concepts of self and others and to the person’s basic life goal.” Lifestyle is the core of personality, shaped in the early years of childhood. Adlerian-trained psychotherapists and counselors working with an individual understand that a client’s lifestyle shapes the way the individual feels, thinks, and functions (Dreikurs, 2000). Through therapy, lifestyles can change. Moreover, if parents raise their children with democratic shared decision making, the child will develop a lifestyle that even in adulthood has resilience, courage, and high social interest (Dreikurs, 2010). [End Page 333] Because groups also tend to have characteristics that an individual has, one can think of a corporation as having a corporate style of life that contains core beliefs of self, in terms of self-identity, and a long-term goal. Allan Cox describes (in personal communication, 2015) that an individual’s lifestyle can be structured in the following way: I am: (self-image) Life is: (world view) My central goal: (the all-powerful one that shapes my every thought and action, that pulls me like a magnet into the future) Allan Cox learned the Adlerian diagnostic approach to identifying an individual’s lifestyle, including the use of early recollections (Ferguson, 1964; Mosak, 1958). The present article describes a model developed by Allan Cox for helping corporations realize their best potential by using concepts and methods that are key in Adlerian psychology: style of life (SOL), early recollections, and social interest (Adler, 1939). Please note all names used within are pseudonyms. Throughout the bulk of my 50-year career as a management consultant and author who specializes in working closely with CEOs and their top teams, I have turned implicitly and explicitly to these lights for guidance. Let me explain with a personal story. Late summer, 1976, on a client assignment, I was having dinner alone in a Philadelphia hotel dining room. I got to thinking about early recollections and chided myself for never having “translated” my own to myself. So then and there over about an hour, I did so using the Dreikurs format and came up with my SOL in seven words, avoiding business jargon or psychological language: I am: an observer Life is: out there My central goal: to be invited What clarity this brought me. What brevity. What insight. What power to understand myself! My conclusion was that, without being aware of it, I was living a passive, compromised life. I made changes and found strength in reclaiming much of myself that I had buried by means of what Adler termed the creative self—the life making me, for better or worse. There was much more evolution from there over several years to the point where my stabilized SOL became: I am: a laser Life is: full of baffles My central goal: to get to the core An SOL in 10 words that I’m fully aware of and is my guardian presence. [End Page 334] In a course called “Family Constellation” at the Adler School of Professional Psychology—taught by the late psychiatrist Bina Rosenberg—I learned the power and method of early recollections. After my...

Movies have played an important role in people's lives for a very long time. This has also been reflected in scientific studies. In the science of psychology, films are used to understand the emotions, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals and to see them in a concrete way. In this study, it is aimed to concretize the basic concepts of individual psychology through film analysis and to examine their reflections on disadvantaged situations. Document analysis was used as a method in the research. In this context, the movie "Front of the Class", directed by Peter Werner and written by Thomas Rickman, Brad Cohen, and Lisa Wysocky, based on a real-life story and released in 2008, was analyzed. The movie is about the childhood, family life, and professional life of the protagonist, Brad Cohen, who has Tourette Syndrome. Brad Cohen's life was analyzed according to the basic concepts of individual psychology: social interest, feelings of inferiority and striving for superiority, lifestyle, life tasks, sibling relationships and birth order, family integrity, first memories, fictional finalism, and creative self. The findings of the study showed that Brad's social interest was high. He coped with the sense of inferiority triggered by Tourette Syndrome in a healthy way by not allowing Tourette Syndrome to shape his life in a negative way and displayed an effort of superiority. He determined a self-confident and active lifestyle. He fulfilled all his life tasks by developing social relationships with other people, establishing romantic relationships, and acquiring a profession. He adopted a fictional finalism to overcome Tourette Syndrome and revealed his creative self to realize this goal. In conclusion, the analysis of the movie “Front of the Class” offers a theoretical perspective that can be used as an effective educational resource. The movie can function as an educational material.

This research discusses the phenomenon of the FWB relationship depicted in the characters Tom and Summer in the movie 500 Days of Summer. Their relationship shows complex emotional conflicts due to differences in mindset, lifestyle, and emotional needs of the two characters. This research uses Adler's individual psychology approach including the principles of superiority, inferiority, lifestyle, creative self, fictional goals, and social interest. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, using literature study techniques for data collection. The results of this study show that Tom's dependency based on inferiority contradicts Summer's lifestyle or principles. The incongruity created stems from Tom's constant need for external validation, but Summer chooses freedom in emotional relationships and life paths. This imbalance was a major source of conflict, as Tom expected a deeper commitment, while Summer felt the pressure threatened her freedom. This research contributes to the field of individual psychology. Through the approach of Adler's principles, it offers new insights into the cause and effect in a non-committal relationship or FWB (Friends With Benefit). The results of the study provide new insights into the psychological dynamics in relationships without commitment, particularly from the perspective of Adler's theory. The mismatch of lifestyles and goals between individuals in FWB relationships can trigger deep emotional conflict. This research not only contributes to understanding individual psychology, but also opens further discussion on how films and literary works portray the complexity of human relationships. By understanding FWB relationships through this theory, this research is expected to provide a new understanding of emotional conflict and expectations in romance relationships in the modern era.

The field of community psychology has generally elided the insights of depth psychology and the traditions of Freud, Adler and Jung. Implicitly rejecting the notion of the unconscious, community psychology favours conscious, pragmatic agency. Whereas depth psychology is commonly associated with treatment modalities, community psychology argues that psychotherapy is ultimately unnecessary when prevention strategies are adequately deployed. In the critical and community psychology literature psychotherapy is often derided as both ‘individualistic’ and inefficient. Adlerian psychology, which espouses a method of psychotherapy, nevertheless holds key points of synergy with community psychology. To distinguish the school from psychoanalysis Alfred Adler named his approach ‘Individual Psychology’, which could obscure its' social orientation. Like community psychologists, Adlerians similarly argue for a sense of cohesive community as crucial to mental health. They have also adopted an ecological holism as core epistemology, and argue for reducing the necessity of psychotherapy by working in tandem on community‐based prevention strategies. The authors consider the rationale for community psychology's distance from the depth psychologies whilst arguing that the unconscious could, if engaged with analytically, provide the discourse with radical new insights. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A concern with Social Interest, with a person's social orientation, and with his social problems, is characteristic of Adlerian Psychology. Social Interest is an innate potentiality which each human being has to develop. Most people have sufficient Social Interest to function satisfactorily in most areas of their lives, at least outwardly. The quality which enables man to function reasonably well within his social setting has been described by D. L. Adler as Gemeinschaftsge-fuehl, which, in literal translation, means feeling of communion, of imbeddedness in the community of man. He provided just a yardstick to measure the normality of an individual and of a society with its norms and regulations. Adler's contention of freedom of choice was—and still is—incomprehensible to most students of psychology. In the sense, then, Adlerian psychology represents a social rehabilitation therapy, a behavioral therapy, as H. Eysenck calls it.

The study described the devotion of Noah Calhoun, the main character in Nicholas Sparks’ The Notebook. It focused on its structural elements and the devotion of Noah to deal with inferiority feeling and compensation, striving for superiority, fictional finalism, style of life, social interest, and creative self that were explored through an individual psychological approach. This research was qualitative research with the primary data source of the novel entitled The Notebook written by Nicholas Sparks in 1996. While the secondary data were other related sources. The data were collected through library research. The results showed that based on individual psychology analysis the major character, Noah Calhoun is psychologically affected. Noah fights hard to get his true love and shows her his devotion. He dedicates all of his life for Allie. Keywords: Devotion, The Notebook, Individual Psychological Approach.

Even at the age of twenty-one, Manès Sperber joined Alfred Adler’s circle and took a close look on Individual Psychology. Soon he was considered one of Adler’s most talented pupils, at least by his teacher. After some years he turned his face more and more towards communism and the Communist Party, alongside gaining distance from Adler and his ideas. Adler and Sperber parted from each other. Sperber, who later left the Communist Party, notwithstanding this, never stopped dealing with issues and methods of Individual or Adlerian Psychology. He did it his own way, undoubtedly, but it remains highly visible throughout Sperber’s literary, autobiographical, and essayistic oeuvre. Based on a differentiating lecture of his essay »Zur Analyse der Tyrannis« the paramount relevance of Adlerian concepts for Sperber’s writing shall be presented and explained exemplarily. An important concept known from Individual Psychology Sperber deals with in his essay is the idea of »Gemeinschaftsgefühl« (sense of community). His view on this concept changes, not at least according to personal experience. In this respect it will be helpful also to take into consideration biographical and historical conditions of Sperber’s thinking.

Adler (1964, p. 142) took a certain pride in keeping a piece of metaphysics in Individual Psychology. At a time when “scientific” psychologists strove to separate themselves from philosophical or metaphysical considerations, Adler maintained an idealistic positivist position. He declared late in his career thatunfortunately, there are many who have an erroneous view of metaphysics, who would like to see everything eliminated from the life of mankind which they cannot comprehend immediately …Every new idea lies beyond immediate experience. Vice versa, immediate experience never yields anything new. It is only the synthesizing idea which connects the data of immediate experience …. I see no reason to be afraid of metaphysics; it has had a very great influence on human life and development. We are not blessed with the possession of the absolute truth, and on that account we are compelled to form theories for ourselves about our future and about the results of our actions. (1964, p. 142, emphasis added)Clearly Adler has placed the experiencing person at the very center of meaning. The person is, however, not just a passive receiver of experience,but an active participant in giving personal meaning to the empirical data of immediate experience. This creative power of the individual was a major intervening variable in Adler’s thought through most of his long and productive career. He essentially developed a psychology with a soul (Adler, 1964).

Este artículo proporciona una introducción a la Psicología Individual de Alfred Adler (Psicología Adleriana), sus conceptos claves, su visión de la psicopatología y los principios básicos de la intervención terapéutica, tanto clásicos como actuales. Se analizan los siguientes puntos: primero, se destaca que la escasa recepción de esta orientación en los países de habla hispana contrasta con la que tuvo y sigue teniendo en otros países. Segundo, se describe como a lo largo de su evolución, la Psicología Adleriana y otras orientaciones terapéuticas más recientes se han ido fertilizando mutuamente, y por eso, la Psicología Individual ha experimentado cambios, desarrollos posteriores y una confluencia con otros enfoques. Y tercero, se destaca que la Psicología Individual representa también una filosofía de la vida idealista, con una fuerte implicación ética.

This research focuses on analyzing the character of Joel Dawson in the film Love and Monsters, directed by Michael Matthews, through the lens of Alfred Adler's individual psychology. This research applied a descriptive qualitative method. This research applied the theory of characterization by Petrie and Boggs to draw conclusions about the character's individual psychology. The results obtained by the researcher in this research are the five aspects of individual psychology, such as inferiority feeling, fictional finalism, striving for superiority, creative self, and style of life.

Individual Psychology During Times of the Coronavirus Jon Sperry and Len Sperry This issue highlights research and clinical applications of Individual Psychology in six articles. These editors’ notes were written in the United States in April 2020, as COVID-19 cases were spiking around the country. During such unprecedented times, the principles and practices covered in this issue are more relevant than ever. The socially embedded element of Individual Psychology is ever present during this pandemic. Social distancing recommendations around the globe created significant obstacles for individuals to connect to others and community. The World Health Organization (WHO) even recommended using the term physical distancing in mid-March 2020 to suggest that social support is essential during a pandemic but must be done thorough physically distanced means such as telephone, texting, and video calls. Individuals and groups that follow and practice Adlerian theory sought ways to demonstrate social interest during the coronavirus pandemic. As editors, we believe that physical distancing is an example of social interest because it helps reduce the spread of coronavirus simply by staying home and preventing infection, particularly for at-risk populations. Additional examples of these efforts include the North American Society of Adlerian Psychology (NASAP) and the International Adlerian Summer Schools and Institutes (ICASSI), which have made efforts to gather participants for social gatherings on Zoom and to assemble a fully online conference under the direction of NASAP’s president Dr. Susan Belangee. In line with managing major or minor challenges in life, the first article by Paul Rasmussen and Erin Schuyler, “Life Tasks and Psychological Muscle,” discusses how to navigate life challenges through Adlerian principles. The authors discuss the three tasks of life relative to the personal qualities necessary for successful satisfaction of each task. They also highlight how psychological muscle is an amalgamation of responsibility, cooperation, and respect. [End Page 305] The second article, by Evan Ripley-McNeil and Kenneth Cramer, makes an empirical link between social interest and perceived well-being. Their article, titled “Can Group Membership and Volunteering Predict Well-Being in the World Values Survey: Correlates, Sex Differences, and Age Moderation,” examined Wave 6 of the World Values Survey (2010–2014), which included 89,564 respondents from 60 nations. They explored social interest and well-being as measured by perceived group membership and volunteering and found a positive correlation to perceived well-being (as measured by both perceived happiness and perceived health). The next article, by Rebecca Dickinson and Ellen Daly, titled “Using Personality Priorities in Adlerian Play Therapy Parent Consultation,” examines the use of personality priorities of children and of parents and caregivers as part of parent consultation in Adlerian play therapy. The article provides theoretical insight and clinical procedures to guide the use of personality priorities with families and children. The authors also provide a case vignette to demonstrate the use of the “top card” activity by Nelsen and Lott in a family Adlerian play therapy session followed by a parent consultation. Courtney Evans’s article, titled “A Fear Come True: An Autobiographical Narrative Inquiry of Birth Trauma Through an Adlerian Lens,” examines the impact of traumatic birth on mother’s and child’s well-being. The use of autobiographical narrative inquiry is used to examine the themes related to the labor and delivery of twins through an unplanned cesarean section. The themes included helplessness or lack of control; guilt; anxiety, fear, or terror; lack of memory or dissociation; lack of medical support or empathy; and inability to be present focused. The article articulates clinical and theoretical implications when considering factors like control, support, and lifestyle convictions when applied to traumatic birth experiences. Ashley Koerick Sauer and Carman Gill offer an exciting integration of equine therapy and Adlerian therapy in their article “Treating Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: An Integrated Adlerian and Equine Therapy Approach.” The authors describe the integration of equine therapy assessment, skills, and intervention into the Adlerian psychotherapy framework. The authors provide a compelling case example illustrating how equine therapy from an Adlerian theoretical orientation can assist in treatment of a teenager with the diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. The final piece in the issue is the second of a two-part article discussing Adler...

Adler emphasized social interest as a social adaptive lifestyle. The study used a nudge strategy to generate social interest in middle school students through a volunteer program. If student gets a good reward for volunteering, it can be a nudge naturally toward social interest. The dependent variables for the volunteer program as a nudge are inferiority complex, social interest, and game over‐immersion. Using convenience sampling, it was assigning 28 participants to two groups each. The experimental group participated in an intervention consisting of 9 sessions of 90 min each, once a week. Both groups were assessed before and after intervention and at a 4‐weeks follow‐up. Program effectiveness was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that it was a significant difference in inferiority complex between the experimental and control groups immediately after intervention, and that it was a strong difference in social interest and game over‐emersion both immediately after the experiment and 4 weeks later. Therefore, it proposes that volunteer programs to increase social interest and transition to a pro‐social lifestyle be included as a nudge in school extracurricular activities or curriculum.