THE STRUCTURE OF THE SEED YIELD OF BROAD BEANS IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL ZONE OF THE SOUTH OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION

Objective: In this study, it was planned to examine the effects of farmyard manure on seed yield and yield components of different broad bean varieties. Material and Methods: The study was carried out in the ecological conditions of Mentese district of Muğla province in the 2021-2022 broad bean planting season. Seed yield and some yield components of farmyard manure doses (0-3000-6000 kg ha-1) in Histal, Salkim, Major and Golyaka varieties were examined. The study was planned with split-plot over randomized complete block design. Results: The interaction between farmyard manure and the variety has been observed to be significant for the number of flowering days, physiological maturity duration, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant and the weight of 100 seeds. Among the traits, the farmyard manure factor was found to be statistically significant in traits such as plant height and first pod height, while the variety factor was significant in the protein ratio. In terms of grain yield, both farmyard manure and variety factors were found to be statistically significant. The optimal grain yield, significantly affected by the amount of barn manure doses, was recorded at 2642 kg ha-1 at a dose of 6000 kg ha-1. Among the varieties, Histal variety stands out for its protein content, with a value of 23.5%. Conclusion: The effects of farmyard manure application on grain yield and yield components of pods were found to be significant. As a result of the study, it was determined that it was important to contine the experiment for more than one yearin order to observe the positive effects of barn manure application on the examined traits.

We report on the impact of flour production from small- and large-seed varieties of broad bean on the quantitative and qualitative distribution of dietary fibre and starch. The experimental material consisted of the seeds of small-seed varieties of broad bean: Gobik and Goral, large-seed varieties of broad bean: Windsor Bialy and Bartom, and pea seeds of Albatros, Karat and Miko varieties (for comparison). The seeds were at full physiological maturity. Soaking and hydrothermal processing were shown to cause multidirectional, statistically significant changes in dietary fibre and starch, depending on both parameters of the process and type of the seeds. The flours of both small-seed broad bean varieties contained 20.15%-28.31%, flours of the large-seed broad bean 23.10%-27.50%, and those from pea seeds 20.13%-22.81% total dietary fibre. Attention should be paid to the considerable, approximately 2-fold increase in the soluble dietary fibre (SDF) content, compared to the raw material. The processing of seeds caused significant changes also with reference to starch. The most considerable changes were observed when the variant with the longest times of soaking (18 h) and heating (45 min) was applied. In the broad bean flours, the content of analytically available starch decreased by 22.94-30.60% and its digestibility was observed to decrease up to 30.25%. The pea flours, however, were characterised by an increased concentration of both forms of starch, especially significant for the digestible starch. The calculated content of resistant starch (RS) differentiated, to a high extent, the flours obtained. Under the same processing conditions, the flours of small-seed Gobik and Goral varieties of broad bean were characterised by a significantly higher RS content than those obtained from the large-seed varieties. A decrease in the starch digestibility rate index (SDRI) values, especially high for the small-seed varieties, should also be emphasised. The results obtained indicate that the nutritional value of flours can be determined by controlled processing parameters.

La L-DOPA es uno de los metabolitos secundarios presentes en las leguminosas, como Mucuna pruriens y Vicia faba L., su contenido se puede ver afectado por el método de secado, variedad y estado de desarrollo de la planta. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto del método de secado por estufa y por liofilización en el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT), de L-DOPA y de la actividad antioxidante en plántulas y en flor de dos variedades de haba. Dos variedades de haba, Diamante y Zac-22, se utilizaron como material vegetal, que fueron sembradas en condiciones de campo. Se obtuvieron plántulas a los 10, 15 y 20 días después de la emergencia (DDE) y flores durante el período de floración. Los tejidos se sometieron a dos métodos de secado, por estufa de aire forzado a 38 °C y por liofilización (-80 °C). El contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT) se determinó por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y L-DOPA se analizó por HPLC. La actividad antioxidante se determinó frente al radical DPPH (CI50). Los resultados mostraron que el método de secado afectó la concentración de CFT, de L-DOPA y la actividad antioxidante. Las concentraciones más altas de CFT (118.67 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (67.65 mg·g-1 MS) se detectaron en las muestras procesadas por secado en estufa. Las flores presentaron los contenidos más altos de CFT (142.19 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (82.02 mg·g-1 MS) respecto a las plántulas. Mientas que en las plántulas a los 10 DDE, tuvieron en promedio la concentración mayor de CFT (110.12 mg·g-1 MS) y de L-DOPA (61.08 mg·g-1 MS). La actividad antioxidante se afectó particularmente por el método de secado en las plántulas, pero en las flores no mostraron variación. El secado por estufa favoreció la conservación de la actividad antioxidante de las plántulas (CI50, 119.93 µg·mL-1), respecto al método de secado por liofilización (CI50, 144.29 µg·mL-1).

<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">To solve the problem of the shortage broad bean crop production in the </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">governorate</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> of Nineveh</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">. The study</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> was carried out between the Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture and forestry, University of Mosul, and the Director of Nineveh Agriculture</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">, to know</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> the effect of two factors: first </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">factor was three</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> varieties of broad beans (local, Spanish and Italian) ,the second factor was three levels of mineral fertilizer NP (0. 300 and 400 kg. ha^-1) </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">. The</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> experiment </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">consist of</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> nine treatments. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">It designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design with Split-plot arrangement with three replicates</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">Analysis of variance </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">carried out according to</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> Duncan's multiple range test at 0.05. Results </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">showed the</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> Spanish </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">variety </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">gave</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> significant superiority in the number of pods, seeds, and seed yields compared to the other varieties except for the number of pods that did not differ significantly with the local variety.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> 300 and 400 kg. ha^-1 levels </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">of mineral fertilizer</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> caused a significant increase in all studied </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">parameters</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">but there was no significant effect between</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> 300 kg. ha^-1 </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">and</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> control. Most effects of interaction </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">treatments</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"> showed similar effects as a single factor for every mentioned characters</span> <strong><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">RESPONSE OF THREE VARIETIES OF BROAD BEAN (Vicia faba L.) TO NP MINERAL FERTILIZER</span></strong>

Seed and root exudates from three varieties of both broad bean and cotton grown aseptically were analyzed for amino acids and sugars. Broad bean varieties were found to excrete considerable amounts of amino compounds with 15 different amino acids, while cotton varieties excreted less consisting of 12 amino acids. Five sugars were identified in the seed and root exudates from broad bean varieties, while three were present in the seed and root exudates from cotton varieties. Seed and root exudates stimulated spore germination and growth of fungi isolated from the rhizosphere.

1. Emergence and dry-matter production of largeand small seeds of two varieties of broad beans (Beladi and Rebaya 34) were studied.

1. A male-sterile winter bean, inherited as a simple Mendelian recessive, is described.2. The sterility gene was shown to be expressed in the cytoplasm of eleven inbred lines of English winter beans, two varieties of English spring beans, six varieties of foreign spring beans and three varieties of broad beans (Vicia faba major). It is concluded that these varieties are unlikely to provide a fertility-inducing cytoplasm which would allow the development of a non-restoring pollinator.3. Evidence of linkage between three chlorophyll-deficient mutants and the male sterility locus is given and circumstances are outlined by which a suitable marker gene could be employed to assist in large-scale production of hybrid seed.

A field experiment was conducted in autumn season of 2018–19 at farmers’ field in Azzawi area of Babil province in Iraq. The experiment was conducted in split-split plot randomized complete block design. The treatment combinations consisting of two broad bean varieties viz., V1 (LUZ De Otono) and V2 (Aqaudulce), three dates of liquid fertilizer spray i. e. D1(15th November, 2018), D2(15th December, 2018) and D3(15th January, 2019) and three concentrations of liquid fertilizers i. e. F0(No spray, control), F1(10 mg/l) and F2 (20 mg/l) were allotted in experimental plots with complete randomization. The growth and yield parameters of faba bean were significantly affected by varieties, liquid fertilizer application time and concentration. The number of pods per plant significantly increased from 15.73 under F0 treatment of liquid fertilizer spray concentration to 27.22 pods per plant under F3 spray concentration. The weight of 100 seeds significantly increased from 52.43 g in V2 variety under F0 treatment of liquid fertilizer spray concentration to 85.17 g under F2 treatment in V1 variety. The seed yield per plant significantly increased from 47.63 g under F0 liquid fertilizer spray concentration to 59.49 g under F3 treatment. The protein content in seed of faba bean significantly increased from 22.91% under F0 liquid fertilizer spray concentration to 23.71% under F2 treatment. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that faba bean variety LUZ De Otono can be grown successfully in Azzawi area of Babil province in Iraq.

The effect of certain agriculture practices such as susceptibility of six broad bean varieties, space of planting, nitrogen fertilization levels, first irrigation and farmyard manure on the infestation of broad bean crop with the Aphis craccivora Koch was studied at El-Kawsar region, Sohag Governorate (about 495 km south of Cairo, Egypt) throughout the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons. The results obtained revealed that A. craccivora appeared from November until the second week of April. Also, the faba bean varieties were different in their susceptibility to the infestation with A. craccivora, dividing into three groups: the first one which was susceptible included Giza 674 and Giza Blanka; the second had low resistance and included Giza 843, Giza 2 and Giza 40; and the third group was moderate including Giza 429. The numbers of A. craccivora was significantly increased at 70 kg chemical nitrogen plus farmyard manure than at 40 or 55 units/feddan of chemical nitrogen during the two seasons. The population density of A. craccivora was significantly higher when decreasing the planting space. The population density of A. craccivora increased significantly with an increase of nitrogen fertilization levels during both seasons. The broad bean plants sown on 10 cm and which received N at a rate of 90 kg/fed. harboured the highest numbers of A. craccivora as compared with the other treatment (20 and 30 cm). The results show also that the broad bean plants which were irrigated at 56 and 63 days as a first irrigation harboured highly significant numbers of A. craccivora compared with the plants irrigated at 14, 21 and 28 days. These results also show significant negative correlation between the infestation of A. craccivora and the yield of broad bean plants.

Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae scop.), belongs to order Hemiptera and family Aphididae, is one of the important pests of the Fabaceae family. Beauveria bassiana is an important biocontrol agent to replace chemical insecticides. Therefore, in this research, two different varieties of broad bean with three different concentrations of B. bassiana were investigated on adults of fabae aphids under field conditions. After 3, 5, 7, and 14 days, the effect of the B. bassiana on the population of aphids was measured. The local variety was found to be more sensitive to the aphids compare with the Spain variety. In the high concentration (108 spores/ml), 80% mortality was obtained with B. bassiana in day 3 with local variety; then mortality increased after 5, 7, and 14 days of measuring the population of the adults. Mortality declined with the decrease in concentrations. The Spain variety was found to be resistance because fewer aphids were recorded compared to the local variety. In the highest concentration and day 14, mortality was 100%. The achieved results showed that B. bassiana can be used as a potential biocontrol agent for the management of black bean aphid in the fields.

A field study was carried out during the winter season of 2005 – 2006 at the farm of field crops department , Collage of Agriculture , University of Baghdad, Abu Ghraib, to study yield and yield components of four varieties of Broad bean (Spanish, Cyprus, IPA, Ekwadilgy) and study the effect of herbicides (Paraquat , Ronstar) on weed plants growing at broad bean field the results indicated that the treatments hand weeding, Paraquat, and Ronstar redused the number of narrow leaved weeds by 90% , 87% , 85.6% and broad leaved weeds by 82.8% , 58.6% , 66.1% respectively. And redused the number of weeds both narrow and broad leaved by 86.1% , 70.2% , 72.0% respectively. Ronstar redused number of Betavulgaris, Sweet clover, Button weed, Rigid rye grass, Milk thistle, Annual darnel, Common bishop weed, Field bind weed, Bur weed by 41.5% , 67.9% , 65.5% , 88.8% , 100% , 100% , 100% , 87.5% , 100% respectively. Paraquat redused the number of same weeds by 28.8% , 55.5% , 62.7% , 66.6% , 86.7% , 100% , 100% , 100% , 100% , and wild oats not affected. Ronstar Paraquat redused at the total dry weight of weeds by 51.3% , 49.5% respectively compare with control. And Cyprus variety was significant at pods / plant (10.62) , Ekwadilgy was significant at seeds / plant (45.26) unless the variety Spanish and this variety was significant at weight of 100 seeds (145. 2 gm) and the yield of seeds per hectare (4.024 Km / h) but this significant was only from the variety IPA that gave les value at all characters under study.

Considering of broad beans as an integral component of biological crop rotations, the presence of phytopathogenic, toxigenic, opportunistic, and allergenic microscopic fungi in soils under their different varieties should be examined. At the Botanical garden BelSU (Belgorod) on a natural infectious background were grown and studied of 16 different broad beans varieties. Were taking into account the indicators of frequency of occurrence and abundance of species, they determined the structures of soil mycocomplexes under different varieties. Analysis of the data showed that most micromycetes in the rhizosphere under bean varieties belonged to the Ascomycota division, which is part of it as 4th classes of Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Saccharomycetes. The species diversity of the soil mycobiota of steaming soil was characterized by 26 species, and under the studied bean varieties 57 species of fungi were identified. In the mycocomplex under varieties, species of different ranks of frequency of occurrence developed that were not noted in the paring soil: Alternaria tenuissima and Stemphyllium solani were rarely and accidentally found in the control soil, but they were not found in under the beans during budding – flowering. This can be explained by the fact that a different composition of exudates in the root zone of the soil under the plants contributes to the development of different types of microorganisms. In the complex of micromycetes under the beans, the share of toxigenic species increased by 2.5-29%, opportunistic species - by 1.3-31%, allergens - by 2-24% compared with the soaring soil. In the soil, an abundance of opportunistic and allergenic species capable of inducing mycoses and allergies in humans can be reduced by the broad bean varieties Aquadul, White large-fruited, Russian Black, Velena, Summer Resident, Leader, Optics, Pink Flamingo, Yankel Byala. After the cultivation of the beans the phytopathogenic species Ascochyta fabae, Clasdosporium herbarum, Fusarium graminearum, F. oxysporum var. orthoceras, F. oxysporum, F. solani and Ulocladium botrytis, remain in the soil and this fact must be considered when selecting the next crop in crop rotation.

There is increasing interest in finding new food sources to alleviate malnutrition in developing countries. The chemicophysical, thermal characteristics and microstructure of eight typical and luxuriant broad bean varieties in China were investigated. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the crude protein, total starch, amylose, ash contents of cotyledon, size, color, 100-seed weight, 100-seed volume and seed density of the broad bean varieties. The raw flour of eight broad bean cultivars showed three distinct enthalpy peaks: (1) a broad temperature range (59.4∼81.53C) for starch gelatinization; (2) 82.97 to 105.23C for protein denaturation; and (3) 107.80–129.20C disrupture of amylose-lipid complex. The cotyledon cell shapes of raw broad bean from eight varieties were similar and orderly when examined by Scanning Electron Micrographs, showing a regular structure in which starch granules appeared to be embedded in a protein matrix. Some proteins on the tissue surface were covered with lipid, contributing to the membrane's semitransparent appearance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Broad bean is one of the important legumes in China. The Ministry of Science and Technology of China implemented a nationwide mandate to improve the productivity and enhance utilization of Chinese minor grains, including broad bean. Efforts are needed to explore new processing methods to enhance broad bean's utilization. In the present study, the properties and qualities of broad beans were investigated, namely the chemicophysical and thermal characteristics as well as the microstructure of eight typical and luxuriant broad bean varieties in China. This study may serve as the foundation to improve the quality of processed foods made from broad beans.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue la obtención y caracterización de aislados proteicos de dos variedades de Vicia faba, con el propósito de evaluar si este grano de leguminosa puede aprovecharse en la producción de alimentos proteicos de alta calidad. La importancia de este estudio radica en la necesidad de identificar nuevas fuentes de proteína vegetal que diversifiquen la oferta de ingredientes funcionales y responder a la creciente demanda de alternativas sostenibles frente a la proteína animal. Se ensayaron diferentes condiciones de extracción y precipitación, siendo el mejor tratamiento la extracción alcalina (pH 11) de la harina de variedad peruana, seguida de precipitación isoeléctrica a pH 5.5. Bajo estas condiciones, se obtuvo un rendimiento de 21.41 g/100 g ps, un contenido proteico de 84.17 g/100 g, una digestibilidad de 83.68 % y 19.25 % de PDCASS, lo que refleja una buena calidad nutricional. En cuanto a sus propiedades funcionales, se destacaron: la capacidad de retención de aceite de 5.25 mL.g-1, índice de solubilidad en agua de 30.60 %, capacidad de absorción de agua de 2.74 g agua/g proteína y capacidad de formación de espuma de 30 %. Los resultados indican que el aislado proteico de la variedad peruana de Vicia faba posee un potencial nutricional y funcional significativo, convirtiéndolo en un ingrediente prometedor para el desarrollo de suplementos, alimentos funcionales y formulaciones innovadoras en la industria alimentaria.

Response of three varieties of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) to chemical and biofertilizer