The State Administration for Market Regulation and Its Leniency Programme

The paper addresses the issues of detection of cases of violations of economic competition by various undertakings (enterprises) such as the prohibited agreements, abuse of dominant position or other discriminatory practices, more efficient treatment in courts of such cases and easier resolution of initiated cases. Besides the national laws governing the protection and development of unfair competition from anticompetitive practices, market regulators, in particular national authorities for protection of competition tend to find easier methods of detecting violators of the market rules. Among the programs that apply in the EU two are the most important: the leniency program and the program of the settlements. Also during analyses and easier detection of cases there are two economic indicators which alerts for possible violation of competition. The paper treats the functioning of these programs and other indicators implemented by the national authorities of competition.

The paper addresses the issues of detection of cases of violations of economic competition by various undertakings (enterprises) such as the prohibited agreements, abuse of dominant position or other discriminatory practices, more efficient treatment in courts of such cases and easier resolution of initiated cases. Besides the national laws governing the protection and development of unfair competition from anticompetitive practices, market regulators, in particular national authorities for protection of competition tend to find easier methods of detecting violators of the market rules. Among the programs that apply in the EU two are the most important: the leniency program and the program of the settlements. Also during analyses and easier detection of cases there are two economic indicators which alerts for possible violation of competition. The paper treats the functioning of these programs and other indicators implemented by the national authorities of competition.

Regulations on the Online Finance in China

This volume contains a selection of papers that were presented at the CRESSE Conferences held in Chania, Crete, from July 6th to 8th, 2012, and in Corfu from July 5th to 7th, 2013. The chapters address current policy issues in competition and regulation. The book contains contributions at the frontier of competition economics and regulation and provides perspectives on recent research findings in the field. Written by experts in their respective fields, the book brings together current thinking on market forces at play in imperfectly competitive industries, how firms use anti-competitive practices to their advantage and how competition policy and regulation can address market failures. It provides an in-depth analysis of various ongoing debates and offers fresh insights in terms of conceptual understanding, empirical findings and policy implications. The book contributes to our understanding of imperfectly competitive markets, anti-competitive practices and competition policy and regulation.

Ongoing political and economic changes in the ex-socialist countries have proved to be very expensive socially. The sudden transition from a centrally planned to a market economy had led to an increase of social problems. One commonly observed danger is the rapid increase in alcohol consumption. The rates of total alcohol consumption are particularly high in those countries where spirit consumption dominates. Considerable pressure is being applied to liberate the alcohol market from all restrictions. Inadequate legislation in the new economic situation, modifications in value systems, and the general rejection of all legislative solutions developed under the previous regime have created a climate conducive to the development of an unregulated alcohol market. State administrations have lost control of the alcohol market. Previous data on consumption have ceased to be reliable sources of information. The dynamic increase in alcohol-related problems is dangerous for public health. If this situation is to be corrected, the first step must be regulation of the alcohol market.

Ongoing political and economic changes in the ex‐socialist countries have proved to be very expensive socially. The sudden transition from a centrally planned to a market economy had led to an increase of social problems. One commonly observed danger is the rapid increase in alcohol consumption. The rates of total alcohol consumption are particularly high in those countries where spirit consumption dominates. Considerable pressure is being applied to liberate the alcohol market from all restrictions. Inadequate legislation in the new economic situation, modifications in value systems, and the general rejection of all legislative solutions developed under the previous regime have created a climate conducive to the development of an unregulated alcohol market. State administrations have lost control of the alcohol market. Previous data on consumption have ceased to be reliable sources of information. The dynamic increase in alcohol‐related problems is dangerous for public health. If this situation is to be corrected, the first step must be regulation of the alcohol market.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the segments and specific factors of the development of health (medical), rehabilitation, wellness and recreational types of tourism in Ukraine and the demand for their services. The authors studied the health status of the population of Ukraine during 2015-2021, as well as indicators of morbidity among the population, which allowed to conclude about the society's need for the services of sanatoriums and resorts. Methodology. Theoretical and methodological basis of this study are the provisions of economic theory, which are presented in the fundamental works of domestic and foreign scientists on market and administrative regulators of the market of recreational tourism in Ukraine. Results. The article examines the current state of the transport infrastructure, information and communication technologies, standards of medical and health tourism services that contribute to the competitiveness of the national market of health (medical), wellness and recreational tourism. Calculations were made on the basis of official statistical data on the number of tourist flows in Ukraine by purpose of trips organized by domestic tour operators and travel agents. On the basis of these data the authors identified trends in realized demand for health and wellness (medical) services of travelers in health and recreational tours to foreign countries, where their funds go not only to health facilities, but also to the foreign tourism industry as a whole. The authors analyzed the trends in the number of sanatoriums and health resorts in Ukraine during 1990-2017, which showed a significant decrease in their number, and identified the reasons for this trend. The authors investigated the legal basis for the administrative regulation of the market of health (medical) tourism in Ukraine, namely the powers of state administration of the central executive authorities, local state administrations, executive bodies of local self-government in the field of tourism. Practical implications. Also, the typical international models of public administration in the development of tourism and resorts have been studied and determined that in the context of market reforms of the Ukrainian economy, a model for the formation of the state institution of tourism management and the emergence of this model in the country has been investigated. The article also focuses on the process of privatization of health resorts located or created in the territories of resorts of local importance and using the natural healing resources of these territories. Value/originality. It would be advisable to coordinate the activities of different levels of administration in the development of regional health tourism in order to rationally and efficiently use regional resources and eventually achieve a synergistic effect.

The article attempts not only to analyze the existing opinions on the subject of research of individual researchers, but also to offer their own vision of the concept of «subject of public administration» and their varieties. It is noted that the ambiguity of approaches to understanding the category of public administration logically creates uncertainty in approaches to defining its subject composition. Currently, the administrative and legal doctrine operates in a wide range of different and directly opposite points of view on the classification of public administration entities. The subjects of public administration include: – public administration, represented by: a) state executive bodies: (ministries, services, agencies, inspections, central executive bodies with special status, other central executive bodies, local state executive bodies, other state bodies (for example, the Council National Security and Defense of Ukraine; National Bank of Ukraine; National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities; National Commission for Securities and Stock Market; National Commission for State Regulation of Financial Services Markets and other bodies); b) local governments, – subjects of delegated powers. It is established that the subjects of public administration are – state executive bodies, other state bodies, local governments (public administration), as well as the subjects of delegated powers, whose activities are aimed at ensuring proper guarantee of these rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities in the public sphere, as well as the effective implementation of citizens of their administrative and legal status

Any opinions expressed in the chapters are those of the authors. Whilst Emerald makes every effort to ensure the quality and accuracy of its content, Emerald makes no representation implied or otherwise, as to the chapters' suitability and application and disclaims any warranties, express or implied, to their use.

Chapter 8 - China

China has issued eight mandatory national standards so far to regulate the water efficiency of household products. The State Administration for Market Regulation performs national spot checks yearly on products qualities, which includes water efficiency, meantime it required market regulation bureaucracies of regional levels to strengthen inspection of energy and water efficiency labels from 2019. However, those two levels of inspection neither focus on water efficiency standards nor cover all eight categories of products. Furthermore, there is still space to improve in term of supervision effectiveness, efficiency and database management. For those reasons, this article aims to clarify the deficiencies and propose corresponding advice on the supervision system.

From the 1890s to World War I, progressive reformers in the United States called upon their local, state, and federal governments to revitalize American democracy and address the most harmful social consequences of industrialization. The emergence of an increasingly powerful administrative state, which intervened on behalf of the public welfare in the economy and society, generated significant levels of conflict. Some of the opposition came from conservative business interests, who denounced state labor laws and other market regulations as meddlesome interferences with liberty of contract. But the historical record of the Progressive Era also reveals a broad undercurrent of resistance from ordinary Americans, who fought for personal liberty against the growth of police power in such areas as public health administration and the regulation of radical speech. Their struggles in the streets, statehouses, and courtrooms of the United States in the early 20th century shaped the legal culture of the period and revealed the contested meaning of individual liberty in a new social age.

The article analyzes the legislative acts that defined the scope of the control and supervisory powers of the National Securities and Stock Market Commission (hereinafter – the Commission) during the inception and formation of the securities market in Ukraine. The purpose is to identify the development trends in the legal regulation of relations within the capital markets. The article highlights changes in the system of state administration bodies overseeing the securities market. It notes that the function of state control was divided among three bodies based on substantive and functional characteristics, with the Commission taking a central role. A steady trend towards the legislator expanding the areas of activity and the range of issues under the Commission’s control is observed. The expansion of the Commission’s state control sphere and the range of subjects under its jurisdiction had logical justification determined by their activities. However, the scope of state control expanded significantly, requiring substantial human and material resources, which necessitated reforms in the Commission’s structure and methods. The article also notes significant changes in defining the forms of implementation of the Commission’s control powers. According to the current version of the Law of Ukraine «On State Regulation of Capital Markets and Organized Commodity Markets,» traditional state control methods, such as scheduled inspections, have become secondary. Instead, state supervision methods focusing on observing events in the capital markets have gained prominence. The legislator’s attention has shifted from monitoring individual market participants to assessing overall market functioning. This shift requires further development of the monitoring system and enhancement of supervisory powers, reflecting the evolving content of the Commission’s activities. The future development of relations between the state and subordinate subjects necessitates a differentiated approach to regulating its control and supervisory functions. This approach aims to reduce the scope of state control measures and promote economic liberalization.

Вивчено особливості радіологічних методів діагностики як медичної послуги в окремих галузях медицини, так і за окремими найпоширенішими методиками в Україні та інших країнах світу.Мета дослідження – аналіз сучасної ситуації та наукове обґрунтування проблем медичної послуги в напрямку радіологічної діагностики у різних галузях охорони здоров’я.Матеріали і методи. Проведено пошук, узагальнення та аналіз публікацій зарубіжних та вітчизняних джерел стосовно медичної послуги у радіології, застосовуючи методику контент-аналізу. В роботі використано епідеміологічні (історично-описовий, аналітичний методи) та соціологічні методи (логічна індукція, дедукція, емпіричні узагальнення). Систематизацію та аналіз дослідження проводили на персональному комп’ютері з використанням програм Microsoft Office 2016.Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Відзначено, що радіологія – це одна з найбільш капіталоємних галузей медицини, тому при виборі методу променевої діагностики доцільно враховувати критерії радіаційної безпеки, інформативності, інвазивності, економічності та доступності. Для безперебійної роботи такої діагностичної техніки необхідні значні кошти на запасні частини і проведення профілактичних оглядів. А в даний час у більшості регіонів нашої країни закупівля медичної техніки як вітчизняної, так і імпортної задовольняють потреби лікувально-профілактичних установ лише на 30–40 %. У результаті високого ступеня зносу наявної медичної техніки (за експертними оцінками до 80 %) в установах охорони здоров’я відбувається зниження ефективності діагностичного процесу, в тому числі у результаті нерентабельного використання пропускної здатності сучасної діагностичної апаратури. Однією з причин такого становища є недостатня пропрацьованість методології аналізу використання високовартісного медичного обладнання та системи медико-економічного обґрунтування його придбання.Висновки. Важливим є перегляд та вирішення питань із забезпечення і контролю якості діагностичного процесу та вдосконаленні стандартизації цих послуг. Проблеми якості та ефективність діяльності лікувального закладу прямо пов’язані з обсягом фінансування та способом розподілення фінансових ресурсів усередині лікувального закладу. Власне державне управління якістю надання медичних послуг має бути невід’ємною складовою державного регулювання ринку медичних послуг.

The article presents and reveals the main tendencies of transformation of the legislative foundations of European integration of Ukraine at the present stage of state formation. While analyzing the problems of implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, the author highlights and reveals the content of three main tendencies that are characteristic for the development of the legislative basis of the European integration policy. In particular, the expanding of the current Constitution of Ukraine with the rules on the irreversibility of the European integration course, updating of normative documents regulating the planned character and gradual implementation of the provisions of the Association Agreement, amending the current version of the Association Agreement in order to update its provisions. The attention is drawn to the fact that the modification of the legislative foundations of Ukraine's European integration course is an important political and legal factor for the transformation of not only the system of the legal system of the state in the formal sense, but also of the legal consciousness of the broad masses of the population. This is explained by the phenomenon of the action of so-called «future law». In practical terms, such a phenomenon manifests itself in the fact that in the society on the mental level there is an increasing level of expectations from the state to activate pro-European policy, further reforming of the national law in the direction of implementation of European models of social regulation. Accordingly, there is an impact on the minds of people by "future norms of law", which are designed to regulate social relations, which are just beginning to emerge. Further priorities of expanding the legislative foundations of Ukraine's European integration are outlined. In particular, it is the optimization of the mechanism of substantial realization of European integration transformations in the practice of national state administration, as well as the preparation of legislative support to overcome the global political risks and economic threats that may occur in connection with the implementation of the Association Agreement. First of all, Ukraine should develop and accumulate the practice of applying the legislation in the sphere of increasing the investment attractiveness of Ukraine, guaranteeing the legal protection of foreign investments, adjusting the national manufacturing sector of Ukraine to the EU requirements, harmonizing the national model of legal regulation of the labor market with the EU, enhancing the institutional focus of the Ukrainian authorities to implement the EU Directives.