The Spider of Sampling Reasons (SSR)

From a hilltop overlooking the community of Puerto Penasco, Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari decreed a million-hectare biosphere reserve for the upper Gulf of California and the delta of the Colorado River. Assembled with him on the podium in June of 1993 were the governors of Sonora, Baja California, and Arizona, U.S. Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt, Luis Donaldo Colosio, then head of the Secretaria de Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL), and Dr. Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, an aide to President Salinas at the time and now his successor. Salinas set the parameters for the reserve's management plan. Resource exploitation was to be prohibited within a nuclear zone at the mouth of the Colorado River, and offshore shrimp trawling was to be outlawed in a larger buffer zone, north of a line traversing the upper Gulf from Puerto Penasco to San Felipe on the coast of Baja California. Within this buffer zone, too, inshore fishermen would be restricted to the use of gillnets with a mesh size of four inches or less. Salinas also called for the active pursuit of economic alternatives for the region, specifically the further development of tourism, sport fishing, and aquaculture. Such pursuits were to be underwritten by a billion dollars in regional assistance from the Programa Nacional de Solidaridad (PRONASOL), run by the Sonoran native and heir-apparent to Salinas, Luis Donaldo Colosio. In its conception, then, the biosphere reserve was an amalgam of resource management notions. It called for a strictly protected nuclear zone—although none of its architects specifically addressed the nascent literature on "harvest refugia" as a fisheries enhancement tool (cf. Dugan and Davis 1991a, 1991b; Carr and Reed 1991; Tegner 1991; Roberts and Polunin 1993). It presumed the need for an "integrated conservation and development program" (ICDP) to relieve pressure on endangered species and a fragile environment (cf. Brandon and Wells 1992; Chou et al. 1991; Stycos and Duarte 1995; White 1988). And, at least in the buffer zone, the plan suggested that a "sustainable" fishery could be fostered—primarily through severe restrictions on gear. The Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere Reserve thus began as a concerted effort to arrest the deterioration of an ecosystem and to protect several endangered marine species. It is a symbol, too, of Mexico's willingness to respond to international calls for environmental consciousness. Simultaneously, though, Mexico was responding to another international agenda. The neoliberalism of the North urged—indeed, required—Mexico to undertake a multifaceted program of structural adjustment, including, in the case at hand, the privatization of the region's fisheries. The Gulf of California, thus, serves as a crucible for these two agendas, and we here take a midcourse glance at how these agendas are sorting themselves out. We examine the political environment in which the biosphere reserve was conceived and, consequently, the environmental politics accompanying the implementation process. And we assess, again in a preliminary way, since there is no closure to the process, how one small community in the upper gulf is structurally adjusting to the new economic order. These two seemingly disparate agendas are, in El Golfo de Santa Clara at the mouth of the Colorado River, very much intertwined.

Purpose– This research aims to provide an insight into large-scale real estate projects in Europe and how they are using a more innovative blend of finance.Design/methodology/approach– The methodology involved a mix of desk-based study, interviews and case studies. Interviews were held with financiers, policymakers, developers, investors, fund managers and academics. The specific case projects were Battersea Power Station Development in London; Leipziger Platz site in Berlin; and the Lammenschans site in the city of Leiden, The Netherlands.Findings– The research found that there is growth in the blend of financial products used in real estate development within large-scale mixed-use projects. This new blend is set with greater equity financing, often from domestic and foreign consortiums generating institutional funds – alongside private debt financing – that utilise a mix of large-scale multi-bank finance.Practical implications– The scale of the challenge in financing real estate development allied with capital budget constraints has meant that the appetite for innovative finance mechanisms has gained considerable momentum in practice and policy. This research investigates current examples in development finance and provides a discussion of the opinion of key multi-stakeholder participants in the individual cases, and trends more strategically at a broader level.Originality/value– This detailed study of three major development sites and at a more broader strategic level is significant, in that it provides a better understanding of the differing blends of finance that are being used.

There are compelling historiographical reasons for writing this thesis. There has been an unceasing interest, past and present, shown in the Brookes as the white Rajahs of Sarawak, by writers, historians, Brooke officials, travellers and missionaries. Most of these works deal with the idiosyncracies of Brooke rule, the subject of fascination being how a European dynasty single handedly tamed and ruled a tropical country inhabited by warlike, headhunting Ibans. The historical study of other ethnic groups in the country has been largely ignored, as if their past was of little or no consequence. One such group was the Chinese, today as numerically significant as the Iban, and politically and economically more crucial. It has only been in recent times that studies of the ethnic Chinese have been made, although not all of them have historical themes. The pioneering anthropological study of the social structure of the Chinese in the present 1st Division was undertaken by Tien Ju-Kang in 1948/1949. This was followed by Craig Lockard's M.A. thesis, 'Chinese Immigration in Sarawak, 1868-1917' completed in 1967, and his Ph.D. dissertation, 'A Social History of Kuching, 1820-1970' in 1973. Richard Fidler conducted anthropological fieldwork on the bazaar Chinese of Kanowit in 1970/1971. A geographical study of the Sibu Foochows was undertaken by Diu Mee Kuok in 1971. The Sibu Foochow pioneers were also part of a wider study by Vinson Sutlive in his anthropological researches on the Ibans in Sibu. The rural Chinese of the 1st Division have been considered in a cultural geography of the region in 1973, by Gale Dixon. John Chin, in 1981, published a general overview, 'The Sarawak Chinese', covering similar ground as Lockard and Tien. Among these works, only Lockard and Chin have taken a historical approach, Lockard in particular, dealing with the mechanics of immigration and with the social and economic history of Kuching, which includes comprehensive treatment of the Chinese. However, there has been a significant omission of the rural Chinese in the studies of these two writers, even though in terms of past and present reality, a high percentage of Chinese are still to be found away from the main towns and urban centres. This thesis deals with the social history of the Chinese in Sarawak at a broad level, but with certain qualifications. It is rurally inclined, away from Kuching, and comprises selected local, regional cases. It is necessary to move away from the capital to complement the existing knowledge of the Chinese in Kuching. An understanding of the experiences of the rural Chinese is imperative before one can put in perspective the role of the Chinese in Sarawak society and history. Further, such knowledge will help to throw light on two principal themes in 'Overseas Chinese' history and historiography - Chinese-indigenous relations, and the relationship of Chinese with colonial regimes. The study is thematic in nature, dealing with four broad economic themes; mining, trading, planting and wage labouring. These themes also happen to coincide with geographical regions; mining in the Bau district, trade in the Lupar, Rejang and Baram rivers; planting in the Lower Rejang region centred around Sibu; and wage labouring in the Sadong coal mines and the Miri oil fields, this study, as far as possible, archival records, together with oral evidence, are used to reconstruct the pioneering experiences of the Chinese, mining gold in water sluices and running streams; trading in river-front atap shop- In houses and in kajang-covered sampans plying the rivers; planting in small three to four acre rubber gardens and pepper/gambier plots surrounded by tropical jungle; and labouring in underground, water-logged coal-mines, and on dangerously ignitive oil wells fronting the South China Sea. On two other levels, this thesis will delve into ethnic relations, between Chinese settlers and indigenes, and the various responses of the Chinese pioneers in different combinations of time and space to the white Rajahs. The manifest presence of the ethnic Chinese in different parts of Southeast Asia has sparked off a great deal of interest in them, especially since the end of the Pacific war, during the period of decolonization and indigenous nationalism. There are works which treat Southeast Asia's Chinese as a collectivity while there are others which approach them on a regional basis. Books concentrating on urban and rural areas have appeared, as have writings with geographical and economic themes. There are also the more specialized works which deal with limited aspects of Chinese social organization and culture. In a comparative context, in the conclusion. I will relate my own study to these other works concentrating on Chinese pioneering experiences, Chinese-indigenous relations, and the relationship between the Chinese and colonial regimes.

Senses of Place: An Architectural Historian Before and During COVID-19

The role of the private land developer in mainstreaming water sensitive urban design (WSUD)

The concept of multi-variant practices and beliefs as being characteristic of the shrines associated with Japanese popular religion is explored through an examination of four shrines in Kyushu and Okinawa. None of these shrines, even those which are formally associated with the Association of Shinto Shrines, evinces the characteristics of ‘Shinto’ practice which the Association claims is typical of Shinto. How are we to account for these differences? Insight is provided through an examination of the original function and subsequent history of these four ‘non-mainstream’ shrines. Comparison of the history and practice of these shrines with similar shrines in Korea illustrates the importance of researching both locally and comparatively to draw out the unique features of each shrine. Before scholars can accept broad generalizations about popular Japanese religious practice, or about ‘Shinto’, anthropological research – in addition to historical and textual research – should be carried out on the practices and traditions of individual, local shrines. Examination of empirical data drawn from numerous case studies will enable scholars to have a clearer idea of actual religious practice in Japan, regional variations, and similarities and differences with practices in neighbouring nations.

PreviousNext No Access19th International Conference on Ground Penetrating RadarGPR mapping for more than just finding buried materials: A case study in testing ideas about cultural change and community dynamics in 10th century southern Arizona, USAAuthors: Lawrence B. ConyersLawrence B. ConyersUniversity of DenverSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1190/gpr2022-051.1 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract The GPR technique has historically been used by practitioners for finding buried archaeological sites, with little analysis of the discovered remains that can inform historical or anthropological research. Instead the GPR methods can be expanded and integrated with age-dates, cultural affinities and compared to nearby excavations to place GPR results within a regional framework and test hypotheses about anthropological topics such as population dynamics and culture change. Keywords: mapping, two-dimensional, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), amplitude, reflectionPermalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/gpr2022-051.1FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 19th International Conference on Ground Penetrating RadarISSN (online):2159-6832Copyright: 2022 Pages: 166 publication data© 2022 Published in electronic format with permission by the Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 13 Oct 2022 CITATION INFORMATION Lawrence B. Conyers, (2022), "GPR mapping for more than just finding buried materials: A case study in testing ideas about cultural change and community dynamics in 10th century southern Arizona, USA," SEG Global Meeting Abstracts : 9-11. https://doi.org/10.1190/gpr2022-051.1 Plain-Language Summary Keywordsmappingtwo-dimensionalground-penetrating radar (GPR)amplitudereflectionPDF DownloadLoading ...

A relatively new planning tool in Italy is the Local Forest Plan, which stands at a broader level in the land planning scale compared to the Forest Management Plan but at a finer scale considering a Regional or even National Forest Plan. This intermediate scale was considered the most appropriate for working out a planning process based on a multi-criteria assessment of forest functions. The proper functioning of forest ecosystems can provide services conceived as benefits people can obtain through ecological processes that sustain and satisfy essential needs of human life. Four particular forest functions providing services were identified: protective, productive, naturalistic and touristic, respectively. A set of functional criteria, as well as attributes within criteria, were recognized to perform an “Analytic Hierarchy Process” (AHP). A specific application of this methodological approach was selected as a case study. This multi-criteria decision-making process involved the participation of five selected experts in a preliminary phase, followed by the participation of thirty representative stakeholders who contributed to the forest planning process and the subsequent selection of actions to be taken. Data related to forest types and management, physical and morphological features of the forested terrain and infrastructure such as forest roads, touristic trails and hiking pathways, together with natural protected areas or wildlife preservation areas, were explicitly located in space by using a “geographical information service” (GIS) software. The combined application of AHP and GIS can be considered as a significant methodological innovation presented in the case study, together with the implementation of a participative process aimed at the management of forest resources and the creation of possible new professional and entrepreneurial forest activities for the benefit of the entire residential community.

PurposeThe aim of this study is to approach the way in which corporate governance influences the occurrence of financial fraud, as expressed by the M-Beneish score. In order to get further into the topic, we have first computed a corporate governance score based on the comply-explain statement and then selected a few elements that are part of the corporate governance reporting: equilibrium of board members (EQUIL), independence of board members (INDEP), selection of the board members (NOM), remuneration policy (REM), audit committee (AUDIT) and the proportion of female directors on boards (GenF). They were tested, one by one, using the financial fraud score to see the way in which they interact.Design/methodology/approachThe study is conducted on a sample of 65 companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BSE) for the 2016–2022 period. The data were processed using three-stage general least square [general least squares (GLS), with iteration, igls and option] with a common first-order panel-specific autocorrelation correction, so as to explain how a poor adoption of the corporate governance score and its elements has a negative implication for the M-Beneish score, controlling for the auditor opinion, type of auditing company and if the company is privately owned.FindingsThe results support most of our research hypothesis, revealing that a poor adoption of the corporate governance score and its components – AUDIT, EQUIL, INDEP and GenF – negatively influences the M-Beneish score, i.e. a low corporate governance score will lead to an increase in financial fraud. This is an encouraging aspect, for an improved adoption of the corporate governance principles reduces the occurrence of financial fraud.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a study that concerns the relationship between corporate governance and financial fraud for the case study for Romania.Practical implicationsThe study highlights the importance of adopting the corporate governance code applied to the Romanian business environment. By measuring the presence of financial fraud appearance through the M-Beneish score, we have managed to outline the negative relationship between the two components. Thus, it is an important aspect of which companies should take account, so they will have long-term benefits and ensure the continuity of the business.Social implicationsThe policy implications of this project are for policymakers, so that they will understand how a good corporate governance mechanism will enhance high-performing businesses. Different aspects regarding corporate governance were validated and are in the process of being validated. Managers can extract and try to understand and apply the good characteristics of corporate governance for the well-being of their companies. At a broader level, the macroeconomic environment will increase its own well-being while encouraging market players to enhance qualitative corporate governance reporting. There is no doubt that corporate governance has a positive impact on businesses.Originality/valueThe study highlights the importance of adopting the corporate governance code as applied to the Romanian business environment. By measuring the occurrence of financial fraud using the M-Beneish score, we have managed to outline the negative relationship between the two components. Therefore, this is an important aspect that companies should take into account in order to have long-term benefits and ensure the continuity of their business.

A process-led approach to modeling land change in agricultural landscapes: a case study from Madagascar

This chapter reviews and synthesizes a number of case studies of the regional impact of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy/Rural Development Policy (CAP/RDP). The case studies were undertaken to provide deepened insight into the core issues, i.e. detailed empirical information on the territorial incidence of the CAP/RDP, and more evidence on the impact of CAP/RDP measures on the economic, social and environmental situation in regions of different types. The focus is on more differential territorial information about the application of CAP/RDP instruments, in particular the territorial (mainly regional) effect of specific schemes, and/or the combined effect of policy programmes. The policy instruments selected for case study are four major sub-programmes/schemes of CAP Pillar 2 (agri-environmental programme, farmers' early retirement scheme, less-favoured areas scheme, and LEADER programme). In addition, the SAPARD programme designed as a pre-accession instrument for countries in Central Europe is studied, and two countries (Ireland and (pre-accession) Poland) have been singled out for case-study treatment at a broader level. The Irish study takes a number of contemporaneous economic developments and support schemes into account, while the Polish one examines the practical details of implementing the SAPARD programme in that country.

Victor King has written a ‘case study’ about an alleged attempt by Derek Freeman to claim authority over anthropological research among the Iban of Sarawak to the eventual detriment of the study of Iban textiles. This article examines the evidence King marshals to prosecute his case and considers his views about evolutionary explanations and the logical coherence of the conceptualization by Iban women of their textile art.

Objective – To identify available health library user typology classifications and, if none were suitable, to create our own classification system. This is to inform effective future library user engagement and service development due to changes in working styles, information sources and technology.
 
 Methods – No relevant existing user typology classification systems were identified; therefore, we were required to create our own typology classification system. The team used mixed methods research, which included literature analysis, mass observation, visualization tools, and anthropological research. In this case study, we mapped data across eleven library sites within NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Library Network, a United Kingdom (U.K.) hospital library service.
 
 Results – The findings from each of the NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Library Network’s eleven library sites resulted in six user typology categories: e-Ninjas, Social Scholars, Peace Seekers, Classic Clickers, Page Turners and Knowledge Tappers.
 
 Each physical library site has different profiles for each user typology. The predominant typology across the whole service is the e-Ninjas (28%) with typology characteristics of being technically shrewd, IT literate and agile – using the library space as a touch down base for learning and working.
 
 Conclusions – We identified six distinct user types who utilize hospital library services with distinct attributes based on different combinations of library activity and medium of information exchange. The typologies are used to identify the proportional share and specific requirements, within the library, of each user type to provide tailored services and resources to meet their different needs.

Anthropological approaches to the study of old age are briefly outlined. Such research gives emphasis to the cultural, social, and political contexts of aging, and to the subjective experience of growing old and the role of the family in supporting its oldest members. In recent years the impact of aging populations world wide, together with the global spread of biomedical knowledge and technologies have become of central importance in anthropological research. Three case studies from Botswana, China, and the United States dramatically illustrate the enormous difference that economic development, political incentives, medical facilities, and technological interventions have on the experience of aging, and on families supporting their older members.

<p>Volcanic habitats host a dynamic environment for sudden and long-lasting relationships between nature and culture, becoming an archetypal case for the study of resilient communities. In these habitats, the study of the occurring phenomena is often addressed independently and in disciplinary isolation, focusing on the uncertainty and contingency of geohazards, the abrupt and recurrent resetting of biophysical conditions due to natural disturbances, or the intrinsic repercussions on the anthropogenic memory. Under this perspective, mass-movements within a volcanic habitat can be addressed as a complex system built over various generations of interacting and interdependent human societies, ecological systems, climate and geological processes. Understanding this multivariable and multi-scalar coexistence becomes central in how mass-movements are perceived. In this work, we propose a transdisciplinary approach for the formulation and design of alternative strategies in the mitigation of mass-movements hazards, by responsibly collaborating between geoscientists, social scientists, and local actors.<br>Mass-movement mitigation strategies rarely take into account the cultural relationship of the inhabitants with their territories and the complexity of the local knowledge and capabilities of the communities to resolve their condition [2]. This limits the effectiveness in the response capacity and resilience of communities and ecosystems to extreme events [2]. Through this research, we aim at finding ways to democratize knowledge, and change academic practices within a geoethical context, recognizing and valuing the local perspectives. In this work, we study an area within the Doña Juana-Cascabel volcanic-complex, located in SW Colombia, and focus on the processes in the vicinity to the Humadal stream and neighbouring communities. This stream is recognized as the main preoccupation of the inhabitants with the recent occurrence of mass-movements in its basin. We address this issue through a team consisting of key local social actors and researchers in anthropology, archaeology, biology, design, engineering, geology, pedagogy, and pedology. We collaborate within a Historical Ecology framework, aiming to the empowerment of sociological resilience-based decision making [3]. This work started with the site recognition, mapping the geological, biological, and social settings. In parallel, we listened and valued the local knowledge about physical geography, ecosystems, and mass-movements in an active volcanic habitat, and merge it with the scientific knowledge. Moreover, this local knowledge enlighted key aspects on the interaction between the inhabitants and the State’s agencies and governmental processes, which underlay the dynamics of any reliable policy and sustainibile process. <br>In this particular site, we identified the organizational capacity to work on reforestation, road maintenance, and weaving as fundamental capabilities for connecting with the design, potential implementation, and sustainability of a set of potential mitigation strategies. With this case study, we invite the multiple actors involved in disaster risk reduction to find common languages beyond disciplinary boundiaries aiming to horizontalize knowledge with the local actors in risk. Through this excercise, we avoid the victimization of the communities, reduce power relationships, and empower resilience.</p><p>[1]Martin, Martin & Kent, (2009). Journal of environmental management, 91(2), 489-498.<br>[2]Gaillard, (2008). Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 172(3-4), 315-328.<br>[3]Brierley, (2010).  Area, 42(1), 76-85.</p>