Abstract
Since receiving the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1988, United Nations peacekeeping operations have expanded, changed in many ways and encountered new, unexpected and difficult problems. This detailed analysis reviews the history, changing nature and current problems of UN peace-making and peace-maintaining activities, using a number of examples. It emphasizes the complex and ever-changing ideas and manoeuvering within the UN, particularly the Security Council and the Secretariat, during three distinct eras of peacekeeping, peace-enforcement and peace-maintenance, distinguished by their diplomatic, military or political character, respectively. UN operations in the Congo, Namibia, Cambodia and Somalia receive special attention, and UN objectives and methods are contrasted with those of Russia in its ‘near abroad’. The article concludes with specific recommendations for UN action and a warning that political operations must receive widespread and concrete support from the international community.
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