Abstract
This study used a behavioural ecological approach by observing whether solitary and social smoking varied as a function of gender and stress. In sample 1 (N = 414), the result was consistent with the tend-and-befriend hypothesis, in that more female smokers were observed to engage in social smoking during high stress. When the number of smokers observed by stress condition was controlled for in sample 2 (N = 587), this effect was non-significant. Effect sizes were small for both samples. Discrepancies with previous research suggest that self-reported data might overestimate the interaction of various psychosocial factors on smoking behaviours.
Highlights
We used the Mantel-Haenszel Common Odds Ratio estimate to assess whether the Gender X Solitary/Social Smoking behaviour 2 way interaction is significant after controlling for the effects of Stress
Gender X Social Smoking by Stress interaction was of borderline significance: Cochran test of conditional independence χ2 (1, n = 414) = 4.19, p = .04, Φ = .10, Mantel-Haenszel test of conditional independence χ2 (1, n = 414) = 3.77, p = .05, Φ =
The trend of the observations is consistent with the Tend-andBefriend Hypothesis: more female smokers were observed engaging in social smoking during high stress than male smokers
Summary
Sample 1 employed interval recording (i.e., 10 observation sessions done between 1200hr to 1400hr on weekdays) while sample 2 employed event recording (i.e., observations of social/solitary smoking prevalence for an equal number of observees between the two stress periods). This is because there are likely to be more people observed smoking during high stress periods (Pitt et al, 2018). We defined group membership of a smoker in the following observed behaviours: (i) at least one other person accompanied the target observee at the designated area, and/or (ii) engaging in a conversation with the observee.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
