The socio-ecological dynamics of forced migration and wellbeing in Khulna, Bangladesh and Guwahati, India

Under the context of global climate change patterns and trends, rural India faces heightened vulnerability to changing weather conditions, leading to various shocks and stresses that can forcibly displace a growing number of its residents. This displacement exacerbates issues of poverty, food insecurity, and marginalization in these populations. A recent strategy to address this challenge is climate resilient agriculture (CRA), an approach aimed at improving community and individual resilience within the context of climate change by sustainably utilizing natural resources through crop and livestock production systems.
 This research project, titled the "Climate-Resilient Agriculture and Migration Dynamics in Maharashtra: A Comparative Analysis," seeks to analyze the impacts of CRA programs on migration dynamics in rural India. The primary goal is to assess the diverse designs of CRA initiatives, their implementation and governance mechanisms, and their relative effectiveness in building resilient rural development and mitigating forced displacement due to climate change.
 The study will entail an extensive literature review of case studies examining the effects of climate-resilient agriculture in rural India. Additionally, field studies conducted by the project supervisor, Dr. Marcus Taylor, the Department Head and Professor of Global Development at Queen’s University with expertise in agriculture, livelihoods, and anti-poverty policies in rural India and other regions, will complement the research.
 By identifying more sustainable adaptation approaches to address the challenges of forced migration for vulnerable populations, this research aims to contribute to improved policy responses, particularly in the Global South. The study's timeliness is emphasized by recent agro-ecological impacts in India due to extreme climate variability. Understanding the relationship between climate-induced migration and climate-resilient agriculture could have significant implications for international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization in shaping effective climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Ultimately, this research strives to advance knowledge in the realm of climate resilience and its impact on migration dynamics, paving the way for enhanced socio-economic outcomes and improved climate change response mechanisms.

The paper analyses the dynamics of migration processes in countries around the world and their role in the functioning of the global economy, and seeks to contribute to the understanding of the diverse global migration landscape. Based on the theoretical and methodological foundations and preliminary analysis of historical, political and economic factors influencing migration policy by a number of Ukrainian and foreign authors, the study determines the impact of factors and potential of international migration on economic growth, its sustainable development and security of the global economy. The relationship between labour migration and the economic performance of countries participating in migration processes is highlighted. Based on the generally accepted international classification of countries, various cases of global and regional migration flows are presented and a useful framework for understanding the main dynamics of migration is proposed. The key issues of labour migration of the Ukrainian population to the EU countries and its forced migration caused by Russian aggression are emphasised. The authors outlines the correspondence that determines the extent to which migrants, countries of origin and countries of destination neutralise the negative consequences of destructive manifestations of migration processes and benefit from their manageability. The main trends of migration flows in the world are highlighted, their general tendencies and regional peculiarities are identified. The authors offers a vision of the impact of demographic changes, types of population reproduction and migration on the development of countries with different income levels. The factors of stimulation of migration movement are generalised. It is established that international cooperation is important for turning migration into a constructive force for development and preserving the paradigm of a secure world. The authors analyses the role and place of international organisations in the study and analysis of migration management at the global level. The study can provide useful information for policy makers and researchers interested in harmonising migration policy for the sustainable and secure development of the system of international economic relations.

Forced migration has intensified in the 21st century, driven by conflicts, persecution, and political instability in regions such as the Middle East, Afghanistan, the Horn of Africa, South-East Asia, Latin America and, most recently, Ukraine. Germany has become a primary destination for refugees within the European Union and one of the largest among the OECD countries. The IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Survey, lunched in 2016, is a high-quality longitudinal household panel study that documents the arrival and integration trajectories of refugees who came to Germany during and after the 2015/16 surge. Based on a register-based random sample and conducted annually, the survey is integrated into the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and linked to administrative data sources, allowing for population-level inference and rich longitudinal analyses. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including pre-migration biographies, flight experiences, entry and arrival procedures, legal status, and integration processes. The dataset includes approximately 22,000 individual respondents across 6,500 households, with data currently available for the years 2016 to 2022. This paper discusses the analytical potential of the dataset, highlighting areas where the data contributes to research on forced migration and refugee integration, and subsequently outlines the survey’s structure, questionnaire topics, and key descriptive statistics.

The paper gives a retrospective analysis of the settling of the Russian Far East, periodization of the development of this macroregion from the perspective of changes in the migration processes is proposed. The formation factors and the dynamics of migration processes within three periods are given. The features and reasons for the unsatisfactory development settling of the Far East by settlers from the European part of Russia, on the one hand, and the features of employment of Chinese and Korean farmers in the Russian territory, on the other hand, during the first period are shown. The dynamics of forced and voluntary migration and the reasons for the decrease in the foreign labor force attraction in the region in the second period are considered. The formation of opposite migration flows (Russian domestic and international) during the third period is shown.

Every year, as a result of disasters related to climate, atmospheric conditions, and seas, thousands of people are under the influence of what are called ‘anthropogenic hazards’ in the literature. These events, which are evaluated in the context of climate change, create radical transformations at both individual and social levels. In particular, environmental factors such as temperature increase, sea level rise, and drought cause forced displacement. Existing research shows that climate-based migrations mobilize larger masses compared to other causes of migration. Such migrations affect individuals and have various consequences on the social structure. Migration dynamics that develop due to climate change have profound effects on economic, social, and cultural structures and trigger social changes. The social and legal transformations that migrants face in the communities where they settle lead to structural changes that affect both migrants and host societies. In this context, a multidimensional assessment is critical for social cohesion, development, and global justice. This study aims to examine climate migration from a sociological perspective, together with its causes and consequences. In this study, the impact of climate change on these decisions in the period preceding migration decisions will be evaluated within the framework of the ‘climate change-migration relationship,’ and case studies from both Türkiye and the world will be included. The psychological, sociological, and economic consequences of the migration waves that have emerged, especially after the earthquakes that have occurred in our country in recent years, require a multidimensional approach. In addition, by focusing on the aftermath of migration, the legal status of individuals displaced due to climate change will be analyzed from a sociological perspective. n the final section, the impact of climate change on social structure through the phenomenon of migration will be analyzed. Addressing this issue, which remains topical, from various perspectives is expected to provide valuable contributions for future research in the field.

This collection explores how contemporary racialization processes shape and are shaped by migration dynamics in the Central American and Mexican context. Marked by histories of migration and displacement, the region has become a critical crossroads for increasingly diverse populations on the move, from journeys of African, Asian, and Caribbean migrants through the region en route North, to dramatic increases in forced migration within Latin America. Drawing on ethnographic research from Costa Rica, southern Honduras, the Mexico‐Guatemala border, and Tijuana, Mexico, the contributions examine encounters between migrants and local communities in spaces defined by histories of marginalization, displacement, and nation‐building. This introduction underscores racialization as a central lens for understanding the experiences of people on the move, emphasizing how global migration regimes intersect with local inequalities to shape reception, exclusion, and belonging. By historicizing migration discourse and practice, the collection contributes to broader debates on mobility and belonging in the Americas.

This chapter provides an overview of the global health dimensions of forced migration and the associated public health challenges. The chapter identifies different categories of forced migrants and examines the main causes of displacement in a global context in which globalization is simultaneously a force for greater integration as well as a contributor to forced migration. Global statistics and legal frameworks relating to forced migrants are examined and formal protections to which refugees and other groups of forced migrants are entitled are identified. The public health situations of forced migrants are varied and often poor, the health situation of different types of forced migrant are outlined and public health responses described. The role of public health professionals in developing a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of forced migration in order to advocate for forced migrant health, and enable forced migrants to speak and be heard, aiding them in transforming their own health outcome are discussed.

This article explores forced migration and policy transition in East Africa using the case study of Kenya—a key regional destination for forced migrants. Using a descriptive and historical approach to highlight the dynamics of forced migration (1990–2021), the study emphasizes on what factors underlie the change of policy from integration to encampment. The author argues that central to this transition are discourses on national security, domestic, and regional politics. Using the theory of securitization, the study finds that assumptive blames on forced migrants expose them to greater vulnerabilities, while failure to recognize the challenges facing host states also undermines the management of forced migrants. The author concludes that the principles of global cosmopolitanism should underlie response and that when critical national interests necessitate stricter limitations on the extent to which forced migrants can enjoy certain rights and freedoms, then the international community must strive to play a greater role to minimize risks to both host nations and forced migrants.

In 2015 and 2016, almost two and a half million forced migrants entered the European Union. Most of them arrived in the European Union from Syria, but there were also forced migrants from Iraq, Afghanistan, and other countries. While many of these migrants used the so-called Balkan route after passing through Turkey, others arrived in Greece via Lebanon or Turkey, and some traveled via North African countries, mainly Egypt and Libya. Why did refugees use such different migration corridors? Was it a matter of economic resources, of education and knowledge, or of family ties and social networks? In this paper, we statistically analyze the migration corridors used by Syrian refugees who arrived in Germany between 2014 and 2016. Using a unique dataset of 3,125 refugees, we identify the main migration corridors used Syrian forced migrants and analyze the sociodemographic and journey-related contextual factors associated with the use of these routes. Use of different escape routes was found to correlate with person-related variables and with journey-related contextual factors. The study contributes the debate on the dynamics of forced migration and onward migration.

This chapter examines the displacement of refugees, exiles, and internally displaced persons in Central America and the Caribbean due to forced migration. It first discusses the causes and consequences of displacement before turning to cooperation as a response to forced migration in the two regions, highlighting the work of the International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREFCA). It then explores the role of legal frameworks, regional organizations and initiatives, solidarity movements, and grassroots mobilization in addressing forced migration from and within the regions. It also looks at emerging challenges that are likely to shape the future regional dynamics of forced migration, from displacement caused by natural disasters to the implications of undocumented migration for the sustainable resolution of displacement. Furthermore, it illustrates multi-level cooperation dynamics by analysing efforts to resolve displacement emerging from Central America’s civil wars.

Migration, encompassing both international and internal movements, is a multifaceted and pervasive global phenomenon with social, economic and cultural implications. The internal migration of tribal population in India is one such movement that opens up avenues of discussion regarding the socio-cultural, economic and political impact of migration. Tribal migration currently in India, is propelled by the complex interplay of push and pull factors. The proposed paper intends to conduct a comprehensive analysis of tribal migration with the help of literary narratives written in regional literature translated to English. The study situates the selected texts in the framework of migration studies to examine the dynamics of tribal migration in India. While the existing studies problematize the event of tribal migration, the current examination endeavours to broaden its scope by analyzing both the challenges and benefits of migration for the tribal population in India. The study underscores that migration for education empowers the younger generation of tribal population from their disempowerment and marginalisation, owing to the fact that it would enable intercultural transactions and social exposure. Further, it foregrounds the tribal actuality of forced migration that ultimately accentuate their existing deprivation. An understanding of the aforementioned dual dynamics of tribal migration would enhance the contemporary social policies aiming at tribal empowerement.

This chapter advances a shift into a new critical development-oriented thinking on forced migration and asylum seeking. It presents the need to reframe interventions towards a broader development inclined focus, given the surge in global numbers of forced migrants and asylum seekers. The chapter emerges from Geiger and Pécoud’s (2013) deliberations on a ‘migration-development nexus’ sustained by global development disparities, whose resultant inequalities have led to persistent migration pressures. We interrogate the increasingly protracted dynamics of forced migration and asylum seeking by expanding the debate beyond humanitarian responses towards the inclusion of a human development approach. One focus that emerges from the chapter is how the field of education could enhance the human development capacities of both ‘locals’ and migrants, by creating glocal learning spaces in complex social contexts of migrancy.

Perú has become the second largest recipient of Venezuelan migrants worldwide with more than 1.5 million arriving by December 2022. The country’s policies towards Venezuelan migrants changed sharply over the seven years of Venezuela’s forced migration crisis. In a first policy phase (2015–2018), Perú was openly accommodating to Venezuelans, providing a special work permit, and welcoming their socio-economic inclusion. The policy swerved sharply towards restriction and exclusion beginning with President Martin Vizcarra. Under Phase II (2018–March 2020), Perú restricted legal migration, erecting criteria that it knew were difficult to comply with. Perú’s restrictive policies are found in this chapter to be both ineffective in reducing forced migration flows and counterproductive by inducing the greater marginalisation of Venezuelan migrants that only accelerated during the third phase brought on by the COVID-19 health crisis. Perú’s restrictive policies, the chapter concludes, were increasingly misaligned with the dynamics of forced migration and ultimately undermined Perú’s own socio-economic and political development as a result.

The Indian Ocean world has historically served as a vibrant arena for migration, commerce, and cultural interaction, yet the dynamics of forced migration within this region remain insufficiently explored. This study aims to investigate the patterns and impacts of coerced mobility between the 16th and 19th centuries, particularly under Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonial regimes. Through a comparative framework, the research analyzes how displaced populations, including African slaves, Indian convicts, and war captives, navigated the complexities of transplantation, adaptation, and cultural retention across diverse maritime contexts. The findings indicate that despite systemic exploitation, displaced groups cultivated resilient cultural identities, established diasporic networks, and contributed significantly to the urban, religious, and economic transformations of key port cities such as Colombo, Batavia, and Zanzibar. Discussions underscore how forced migrants facilitated hybrid cultural practices, informal economies, and religious syncretism, challenging monolithic views of colonial domination and presenting the Indian Ocean as a space of multidirectional agency rather than passive subjugation. By framing forced migration within the larger currents of maritime and global history, this study critiques Eurocentric models of displacement and labor historiography, emphasizing the active role of marginalized groups in historical processes of globalization. It concludes that forced migration, far from being a peripheral phenomenon, was socio-economic landscapes in the Indian Ocean world. Future research is recommended to expand comparative analyses across additional colonial contexts and to integrate archaeological and linguistic evidence, offering a more holistic understanding of the enduring legacies of forced mobility in shaping modern global interconnections.

This article addresses the tension between international policy, professional categorization, and refugee strategies in the aftermath of World War II, reflecting on a specific category: “displaced” and refugee musicians. It connects their migratory and professional dynamics, their own agency and the policies led first by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), then by the International Refugee Organization (IRO). A first point of analysis addresses the role of music in the displaced persons' reconstruction. Second, I highlight the breakthrough represented by the implementation of a resettlement policy from 1948 onwards. Who qualifies as a musician? Who makes this determination, based on what criteria? Third, in reflecting on the tensions in defining this category, I pay attention to the IRO competition, organised in Geneva in 1950 for displaced and refugee musicians. As such, I follow the migratory trajectories of the five winners, using the method of global transational microhistory. This case study highlights the IRO policy in the resettlement of qualified refugees and also the musicians' professional strategies. In conclusion, I underline the specific role of pre-war anti-Nazi refugees in this operation and propose for forthcoming research a comparison of the winners' destinies and the fate of anonymous displaced musicians.