Abstract
Temporal patterns of anuran reproduction fall into two broad categories: prolonged breeding and explosive breeding. The spatial and temporal distribution of females determines the form of malemale competition. Males of explosive breeders in dense aggregations engage in ‘scramble competition’, attempting amplexus with every individual and struggling among themselves for possession of females. Males of prolonged breeders usually call from stationary positions to attract females and often maintain some sort of intermale spacing. Many aspects of vocal behaviour and chorus organization can be viewed as consequences of intrasexual competition. Males of some prolonged breeders defend allpurpose territories, oviposition sites, or courtship areas against conspecific males. Males with high quality territories may enhance their attractiveness to females and obtain several mates in one season. The social organization of some species resembles the lek behaviour of other vertebrates. Males or females of some tropical species care for eggs and tadpoles, but the evolution of parental care has not yet been studied in detail.
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