The Silk Road

Staging the Silk Road Journey Abroad: The Case of Dunhuang Performative Arts

Abstract. The Silk Road, a network of ancient trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, was not just about commerce and goods. It served as a vibrant conduit for cultural exchange, fostering the intermingling of languages, traditions, and artistic expressions between diverse civilizations. Today, the spirit of the Silk Road is being revived in the form of the "New Silk Road," a Chinese-led initiative aimed at economic and infrastructural development across Asia. The revitalization of the Silk Road through China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) presents a unique opportunity for Central Asian nations, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, to leverage their rich cultural heritage for international engagement and economic development. This paper analyzes and compares the cultural diplomacy strategies employed by both countries on the New Silk Road, highlighting their distinct approaches and effectiveness in achieving their goals. Keywords: Cultural diplomacy, New Silk Road, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Belt and Road Initiative, soft power, tourism, regional cooperation.

‘Silk Road’, the virtual drug marketplace: A single case study of user experiences

SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGY ON THE SILK ROAD Silk Road Supply Chains: A Historical Perspective Cagri Haksoz and Damla Durak Usar Introduction to Silk Road Supply Chains: Trade and Players Products and Services: Cost, Variety, Volume Supply Chain Processes: From Procurement to Sales Lead Times along the Silk Road Supply Chains Careers on the Silk Road Supply Chains Managing Risks along the Silk Road Supply Chains The Roles of Governments along the Silk Road Managing Inter-Border and Inter-Cultural Differences Conclusion Acknowledgements References Endnotes The Silk Road Linking Artisans in India to Designers in Italy and World Markets Ananth V. Iyer and Andrea Lenterna Indian Artisans and Supply Chains A Different Way of Doing Business The Value Proposition The 2008 Collection The Flow of Goods from East to West References Logistics Management Insights from the Silk Road Geography Ercan Korkut Introduction Three BRIC Countries out of Four Are on the Silk Road: Can It Be Coincidence? Observations Over The Last Decade: What Has Changed? Hands-on Lessons and Insights Country Start-Up Checklist Conclusion Endnotes Formal and Informal Financial Institutions and Entrepreneurship: The Case of Bazaars and Microfinance in Central Asia Deniz Tura Introduction Overview of the Bazaars and Entrepreneurs Relationship between the Formal Institutions and the Entrepreneurs Relationships between the Informal Institutions and the Entrepreneurs Conclusion References Endnotes Israel: A Start-Up Nation in a Global Supply Chain Context-The Revival of a Virtual Silk Road Ehud Menipaz Introduction History Silk Road and International Trade Economic and Business Ecosystems Transportation and Logistics Ecosystems Entrepreneurship and Innovation The GEM Model Israeli Entrepreneurship in a Global Context Technology Ecosystem Summary Acknowledgements References Endnotes Decoding Supply Chain Leadership in India Janat Shah and Debabrata Ghosh Introduction Supply Chain Challenges in India Characteristics of Supply Chain Leaders in India Problems Conclusion References Endnotes SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE ON THE SILK ROAD Borusan Lojistik: Winning in the 3PL Market Murat Kaya and Cagri Haksoz Introduction Borusan Lojistik Transportation Services Warehousing Services Value-Added Services The Road Ahead for BL Acknowledgements References Endnotes Crossdocking Insights from a Third Party Logistics Firm in Turkey Gurdal Ertek Introduction Types of Crossdocking Appropriateness of Crossdocking Prerequisites of Crossdocking Industries Where Crossdocking is Applied Benefits and Drawbacks of Crossdocking Implementation of Crossdocking Case study: Ekol Lojistik Conclusions Acknowledgements References Endnotes Balance of Power between Buyer and Supplier: The Case of Chinese and Western Companies Oliver Schneider, Robert Alard, Josef Oehmen Introduction: The Appeal of China and the Importance of Power in Buyer-Supplier Relationships Research Method: Background to the Findings on the Balance of Power Fundamentals of Power in Buyer-Supplier Relationships Examples: Typical Developments of the Balance of Power Explanation: Reasons for the Development of the Power Situation Suppliers' Perspective: Perception of and Consequences for Chinese Suppliers Taking Action: Measures for an Ideal Development of the Relationship Theoretical Implications and Limits of the Study References Endnotes Outsourcing Design to Asia: ODM Practices Qi Feng and Lauren Xiaoyuan Lu Introduction Growing Trend of Outsourcing Design to Asia Driving Factors of Design Outsourcing Issues and Challenges in Managing Design Outsourcing Conclusions References Milk Collection at Nestle Pakistan Ltd. Arif Iqbal Rana and Mohammad Kamran Mumtaz Introduction Pakistan and Milk Structure of Pakistan's Dairy Sector Characteristics of Milk Production Systems in Pakistan Management Issues in Milk Collection New Milk Processing Plants Conclusions The Role of Hungarian Railway on the New Silk Road Paul Lacourbe Introduction of Hungarian State Railways Hungary on the New Silk Road Modes of Transportation Current Financial Situation of MAV EU Investment in Hungarian Infrastructure China's Investment in Hungarian Infrastructure Areas to Be Impacted By the New Silk Road Conclusions Endnotes SUPPLY CHAIN RISK ON THE SILK ROAD Private-Humanitarian Supply Chain Partnerships on the Silk Road Orla Stapleton, Lea Stadtler, Luk N. Van Wassenhove Introduction Company Engagement in Private-Humanitarian Partnerships Examples of Private-Humanitarian Disaster Relief Partnerships on the Silk Road Lessons from Private-Humanitarian Partnerships Benefits of Private-Humanitarian Partnerships to Companies Appendix 1 References Endnotes Incorporating Harvest, Maturity, Yield, and Demand Risk in Planning for Agricultural Supply Chains for Premium Products Baris Tan Introduction Contract Farming Agricultural Supply Chain with Contract Farming Agricultural Planning Problem with Harvest, Maturation, Yield, and Demand Uncertainty A Case Study: Alara Agri Business Conclusions Appendix References Managing Procurement Risks in Turkish Machinery Industry: The Case of Renkler Makina Muhittin H. Demir, Burcu Adivar, Cagri Haksoz Introduction: Machinery Industry in Turkey Renkler Makina: Company Background Aligning the Company in the Global Supply Chain Supplier Management: The Current Practice Redesign of the Supplier Selection and Evaluation Process Supplier Risk Management The Road Ahead References Endnotes Supply Chain Risk and Sourcing Strategies: Automotive Industry in Iran Hoda Davarzani and Andreas Norrman Introduction Supply Chain Disruption Sourcing Strategy Automotive Industry in Iran Conclusion References

‘Surfing the Silk Road’: A study of users’ experiences

The Silk Road, an ancient network of trade and cultural exchange, has been a subject of significant scholarly interest, particularly in China, Russia, and Mongolia. This paper delves into the skilled practice that underpinned the operation of two major tea roads, emphasizing the continuity of the Silk Road's legacy. It argues for a new approach to the study of cross-cultural exchanges by examining the knowledge systems that supported the movement, adaptation, and exchange of goods and ideas across the Eurasian continent. The author introduces two conceptual tools: "Silk Roadness" to describe the aspects of knowledge reflected in the Silk Road's operation, and "Silk Road+" to denote the transformation that the Silk Road brought to knowledge systems. The paper posits that the Silk Road facilitated the formation, selection, and evolution of knowledge, endowing it with specific functions and creating specialized spaces for its practice. The study focuses on the Eurasian Tea Road ("万里茶道") and the Tea-Horse Road ("茶马古道"), examining the commercial cities, transportation methods, and the specialized skills that evolved along these routes. The author conducted field research in key locations such as Zhangjiakou and Qixian in the Eurasian Tea Road, and in Pu’er and Ya’an along the Tea-Horse Road, gathering information on historical sites, documents, artifacts, and traditional crafts. The paper highlights the distinct roles of Zhangjiakou and Qixian in the Eurasian Tea Road, where Qixian was a hub for Shanxi merchants, and Zhangjiakou served as a critical junction for trade between agricultural and nomadic regions. The author also discusses the Pu'er, Ya’an and Kangding in the Tea-Horse Ancient Road, which was key to the distribution of Yunnan and Sichuan teas to Tibet. The author identifies several key areas of skilled practice along the Silk Road, including commercial practical skills, transportation methods, trade infrastructure, communication and interaction skills, and product packaging and sales strategies. These skills were essential for the successful operation of the trade routes and for adapting to the diverse environments and cultural contexts encountered along the way. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding the intricate relationship between the Silk Road and traditional knowledge systems. It calls for continued interdisciplinary research that incorporates the concepts of "Silk Roadness" and "Silk Road+" to build a more comprehensive framework for understanding the Silk Road as a vibrant network of knowledge evolution.

Introduction to the Special Issue on the New Silk Road of Innovation: R&D Networks, Knowledge Diffusions, and Open Innovation

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. ‘US Wants “New Silk Road in Central Asia”, The Indian Express, 20 September 2011. 2. ‘Next Steps on the Silk Road—Geoffrey Pyatt's Address to FICCI’, The Hindu, 15 November 2011. 3. Dr. Christina Lin, ‘China's New Silk Road to the Mediterranean: The Eurasian Land Bridge and Return of Admiral Zheng He’, ISPSW Strategy Series: Focus on Defense and International Security, Issue 165, October 2011, p. 2. 4. Ibid., p. 3. 5. New Silk Road Foreign Ministers Meeting, Remarks by Haruhiko Kuroda, ADB President, at the German House, New York, 22 September 2011, at http://beta.adb.org/news/speeches/new-silk-road-foreign-ministers-meeting (Accessed 15 January 2012). 6. Joshua Kucera, ‘Central Asia: Can Expanded Trade Pacify an Unsettled Region?’, 31 October 2011, at http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64419 (Accessed 3 February 2012). 7. Frederick Starr, ‘Afghanistan beyond the Fog of Nation Building: Giving Economic Strategy a Chance’, Silk Road Paper, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program, Washington, DC, January 2011. 8. Andrew C. Kuchins, ‘Laying the Groundwork for Afghanistan's New Silk Road: How Washington and Kabul Can Turn a Vision into a Plan’, 5 December 2011, at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136714/andrew-c-kuchins/laying-the-groundwork-for-afghanistans-new-silk-road (Accessed 31 January 2012). 9. ‘India Backs “New Silk Road” in Central Asia’, The Hindu, 24 September 2011. 11. ‘Upgraded Wagah Check-Post Opens, to Boost Trade Ties’, The Indian Express, 14 April 2012. 12. ‘Trade Will Place Peace on Fast Track’, The Hindu, 18 April 2012. 13. ‘Power from India: Pak Sets Ball Rolling’, The Tribune, 23 April 2012. 13. ‘Pakistan Allows Indian Wheat to Pass through Karachi’, The Gulf Today, 28 March 2012. 14. ‘Attari Integrated Check Post to Open Tomorrow’, The Hindu, 12 April 2012. 15. Neil Padukone, ‘All Silk Roads Lead to Tehran’, 23 January 2012, at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/23/all_silk_roads_lead_to_tehran?hidecomments=yes (Accessed 26 January 2012). 16. For details on the GSPA Agreement see, The Hindu, ‘API pipeline gas sale agreement signed’, 23 May 2012. For India cutting oil imports from Iran see, The Times of India, ‘Iranian oil import cuts to continue, India tells US,’ 15 May 2012. ‘Iran, China, Af-Pak Dominates Mathai's Talks in US’, The Hindustan Times, 9 February 2012. 17. ‘BRICS Summit: Solve Iran Nuke Programme Issue through Talks’, The Economic Times, 29 March 2012. 18. Aaron Friedberg, A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 2011. 19. Joshua Kucera, ‘SCO Hopping on New Silk Road?’, 9 November 2011, at http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64482 (Accessed 1 February 2012). 20. Joshua Kucera, ‘Central Asia’, no. 6. 21. Matthew Stourbridge, ‘Central Asia: Are There Potholes in the New Silk Road?’, 1 November 2011, at http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64431 (Accessed 2 February 2012). 22. Andrew C. Kuchins, no. 8. 23. ‘BRICS Summit in Delhi “Successful”: China’, The Times of India, 30 March 2012. 24. Ibid.

본 연구는 우리나라 주요 난과식물 중 하나인 심비디움의 배수체 육종을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 실시되었으며, 기내 심비디움의 PLBs에 colchicine과 oryzalin을 처리방법과 농도, 기간을 다양하게 하여 배수체 유도에 최적의 조건을 찾고자 수행하였다. Colchicine은 50, 100, 300, <TEX>$500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX>농도로 1, 2, 3주간 처리하였고 oryzalin은 3, 5, 10, <TEX>$20mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX>농도로 1, 2, 3주 또는 3, 6, 9일간 처리하였는데 oryzalin에 비해 colchicine을 처리했을 때 생존율이 높게 나타났다. Flow cytometry를 이용하여 배수성을 검정해본 결과 Cymbidium Showgirl 'Silky'의 경우, colchicine은 <TEX>$50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX>농도로 1주간 처리 시 6배체 획득효율이 60%, oryzalin은 <TEX>$5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX>농도로 2주간 처리 시 6배체 획득효율이 46.7%로 가장 높게 나타났다. Cymbidium Mystery Island 'Silk Road'(Silk Road-4)의 경우, colchicine은 <TEX>$50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX>농도로 1주간 처리 시 6배체 획득효율이 16.7%, oryzalin은 <TEX>$10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX>농도로 3일간 처리시 6배체 획득효율이 6.7%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 즉, 두 hybrid 모두 oryzalin보다 colchicine을 처리했을 때 염색체 배가에 더 효율적이었다. 또한 처리 전 PLBs를 뾰족한 핀셋으로 10회 찌르는 방법을 통해 염색체 배가 효율을 향상시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of colchicine and oryzalin in inducing polyploidy in two Cymbidium hybrids [Showgirl 'Silky' and Mystery Island 'Silk Road' (Silk Road-4)]. Colchicine was used at concentrations ranging from 50 to <TEX>$500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX>, with treatments lasting 1 to 3 weeks. Oryzalin was used at concentrations ranging from 3 to <TEX>$20mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX>, with treatments lasting 3 to 6 days or 1 to 3 weeks. The survival rate of PLBs was better in colchicine than in oryzalin solutions. The ploidy levels were screened using flow cytometry. In C. Showgirl 'Silky', the highest chromosome doubling efficiencies were obtained with the 1-week treatment in <TEX>$50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX> colchicine (60%) and the 2-week treatment in <TEX>$5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX> oryzalin (46.7%). In C. Mystery Island 'Silk Road' (Silk Road-4), the highest chromosome doubling efficiencies were obtained with the 1-week treatment in <TEX>$50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX> colchicine (16.7%) and the 3-day treatment in <TEX>$10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$</TEX> oryzalin (6.7%). Colchicine was more efficient than oryzalin in terms of polyploidy induction. Furthermore, pre-treatment, which entailed poking 10 times with forceps, improved the efficiency of chromosome doubling.

This photo album, Youth Lens on the Silk Roads, is the result of the 3rd edition of the international photo contest Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads, organized by the UNESCO Silk Roads Programme, and with the generous support of the China World Peace Foundation. This annual initiative offers young people from all over the world a fantastic opportunity to explore the shared heritage, legacy and spirit of the Silk Roads through the art of photography. The ‘Silk Roads’ is an expression that refers to the vast and complex network of maritime and land routes that have linked East, South, and Southeast Asia, to Central Asia, the Russian Steppes, the Indian Subcontinent, the Iranian and Anatolian Plateaus, and the Arabian Peninsula for thousands of years. They also stretched through North and Northeast Africa, as well as Eastern and Southern Europe, before reaching Western Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Taking these multifaceted routes as inspiration, the ‘Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads Photo Contest’ uses photography to extend these links into the modern day and, through visualising the legacy of commercial and cultural interactions along them, to foster mutual understanding and promote peace amongst the diverse societies of these regions. The 3rd edition of the Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads coincided with a period of profound global challenges resulting from the impacts of Covid-19. During this time, with the temporary closure of many schools and cultural institutions, young people all over the world faced many barriers to education access and to their engagement with culture, as well as to one another. In light of this, for the 3rd edition of the contest photographers were tasked with exploring the themes of ‘Textiles and Clothing’ and ‘Intercultural Exchanges in the time of Covid-19, Including in the Field of Textiles and Clothing’. Globally, responses to Covid-19 affected many industries important to the Silk Roads, such as textiles and clothing, and curtailed our ability to exchange and interact with one another. This year’s themes invited participants you use their cameras to capture these changes and challenges. Despite these impacts, textiles and clothing remain an important mode of creativity and human expression which link the interactions of the past with our present and future. The resulting photo album gathers together 75 of the very best photos from the two age categories (14-17-year-olds and 18-25-year-olds) which encapsulate the spirit of the contest and highlight the diversity of young people’s perceptions of the Silk Roads’ shared heritage. Through this collection of images, one can discover the rich and diverse legacy of textiles and clothing along the Silk Roads. The contest seeks to reflect the impact of Covid-19 on interaction and exchange, with a view to building our post-pandemic future. UNESCO Catno: 0000380933 https://doi.org/10.54678/DSUE7368 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380933

Evaluating drug trafficking on the Tor Network: Silk Road 2, the sequel

This photo album, Youth Lens on the Silk Roads, is the result of the fourth edition of the international photo contest Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads, organized by the UNESCO Silk Roads Programme with the generous support of the Beijing International Peace Culture Foundation. This annual initiative offers young creatives from all over the world an opportunity to share their talents and explore the shared heritage, legacy, and spirit of the Silk Roads through photography. The term ‘Silk Roads’ is used to refer to a vast and complex network of maritime and land routes which have linked East, South, and Southeast Asia, to Central Asia, the Russian Steppes, the Indian Subcontinent, the Iranian and Anatolian Plateaus, and the Arabian Peninsula for thousands of years. They also stretched through North and Northeast Africa, as well as Eastern and Southern Europe, before reaching Western Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. These routes played a crucial role in shaping modern societies by facilitating the movement of people, goods, and ideas in an enriching cross-cultural exchange. Ultimately, movement along the Silk Roads resulted in the development of shared heritages and plural identities, still evident today, with the power to contribute to social cohesion, mutual respect, and understanding. The fourth edition of Youth Eyes on the Silk Roads tasked participants with exploring the themes of ‘Faith and Spiritualities’ and ‘Living Together’. Faith and spirituality concern the myriad ways we understand the world and make sense of our place within it through beliefs, values, expressions, and rituals. The photographic entries captured the vast range of faiths and beliefs exhibited in regions along the Silk Roads, while highlighting the shared nature of these expressions that bring vast numbers of people together. Likewise, the theme of ‘Living Together’ provided an opportunity to share images of intercommunity and multicultural gatherings, local and global events, and moments of dialogue. The resulting photo album presents 76 of the very best photos from the two age categories (14–17-year-olds and 18–25-year-olds) that reflect the themes and spirit of the contest. The images serve as a reminder of the shared heritage and legacy of the Silk Roads and provide insight into young people’s understanding of the ways in which they shape daily life. UNESCO Catno: 0000386140 https://doi.org/10.54678/YPAS1663 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000386140

1: China, Xinjiang and Central Asia - 'Glocality' in the Year 2007 - Donald H. McMillen. 2: The 'Centrality' of Central Asia in World History, 1700-2007: From pivot to periphery and back again? - Michael Clarke. 3: Positioning Xinjiang in Eurasian and Chinese History: Differing Visions of the 'Silk Road' - James A. Millward. 4: 'Failed States' on the 'Perilous Frontier': Historical Bases of State Formation in Afghanistan and Central Asia - Geoff Watson. 5: Xinjiang and Central Asia: Interdependency - Not Integration - Ann McMillan. 6: Uyghurs in the Central Asian Republics: Past and Present - Ablet Kamalov. 7: Xinjiang and Central Asia since 1990: Views from Beijing and Washington and Sino-American Relations - Colin Mackerras. 8: Central Asia's Domestic Stability in Official Russian Security Thinking under Yeltsin and Putin: from Hegemony to Multilateral Pragmatism - Kirill Nourzhanov. 9: 'Glocality', 'Silk Roads' and New and Little 'Great Games' in Xinjiang and Central Asia - Michael Clarke

This chapter discusses the important role played by the Silk and Royal roads in the spread of teaching and knowledge of philosophy, science, and mathematics during ancient times. The Silk Road was a series of land and sea routes criss-crossing Eurasia and connecting to other routes traveled mostly by Indian merchants, agents, and explorers. Formed sometime around the second century BC, it connected to the Royal Road in the Zagros Mountains of Persia. Commercial trade was done mostly through bartering, but fair bartering required at least a rough estimate of value, an understanding of conversions of weights and measures: square areas of silk, or weights of gold, or value of coin. The chapter describes the number system that allowed the Chinese to “name” large numbers, as well as the system of counting rods to do practical arithmetic.

The Silk Road (Chinese: &amp;#19997;&amp;#32504;&amp;#20043;&amp;#36335;), first popularized by the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877, refers to a network of trade routes that stretched from central China to the Pamir, through central Asia and Arabia to India and Rome. The oasis routes have been active for 4000 years though precursors of the Silk Road date back nearly 5000 years and extended to the northern steppes of Central Eurasia. Meanwhile, the Silk Road played a key role in facilitating exchanges in religions, arts, culture, science and technology between East and West. Early trans-Eurasia exchanges and the historical Silk Road reshaped the development of civilizations in Eurasia.The Silk Road was an exceptional landmark of continental-scale exchanges throughout human history, spanning thousands of years across the vast landscapes of the Gobi Desert, oases, mountains, basins, forests, and steppes in Eurasia. The mechanisms of early human migrations in the paleolithic periods, agriculture origin and early farming diffusion, and civilization development along the Silk Road have attracted high interest from both natural and social scientists. In 2019, the Association for Trans-Eurasia Exchange and Silk Road Civilization Development (ATES) was established to fill the gaps of ongoing Silk Road Study.The vision of ATES aims to deepen understanding of the interactions between environmental changes, long-term trans-Eurasia exchanges and Silk Road civilizations, by promoting interdisciplinary research of natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities across Eurasia. The main scientific issues of ATES include: 1) Routes and driving forces of ancient human migrations across Eurasia in the Paleolithic; 2) Agriculture origin and prehistoric trans-Eurasian diffusion of early farming and herding; 3) Mechanisms of establishment, shift and demise of routes and key towns along the ancient Silk Road; 4) Pattern and trajectory of knowledge production and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge and their impact on the multiethnic societies along the Silk Road; 5) Effects of environmental changes on the development of the Silk Road civilization related to trans-Eurasia exchanges in terms of economy, technology and culture.As of right now, ATES has involved over 200 scientists from more than 50 research institutes across more than 20 countries. There are six working groups established with distinct objectives in ATES. Through the ATES platform, we hope to develop cooperative research and education centers/laboratories with institutes and scientists from all over the world, as well as co-host activities such as young scientist training, collaborative research, conferences, workshops and exhibitions. Currently, ATES-branded activities include the ATES Silk Road Civilization Forum, the ATES Open Science Conference, the ATES Workshop, and the ATES Lecture, among others.