The Siege of the Town and Castle of Trenčín by Army of John Katzianer in 1528

158 SEER, 85, I, 2007 survey,it is found that the indigenouspeoples are not sharingin the enormous wealth generated from their regions. But the impact of Moscow's policies has been uneven. Thus oil extraction has reduced many Mansi to a 'passive population addicted to alcohol and living on compensation'(p. 229), while the smaller Forest Nenets living alongside them play a leading role in resisting outside exploitation -they have retained more of their traditional culture and economy: a reflectionof the differentcompromisesmade between central power and local elites in differing circumstances. Finally Hanna Smith examines Russian foreign policy in the period I992 to 2002, discussing how the Chechen wars affected Russian attempts to integrate into the world economy through membership of various international organizations. Surprisingly, perhaps, the Chechen conflict has been a positive asset in integratingRussia into the internationalcommunity. If readersfind the term 'glocalism'grating, it is only used in the introduction . Also, Smith's article does not perhaps fit easily with the others. But for those scholars with a reasonable background in the field, this is a delightful collection of articles. They are well-written, extremely well-researched and constitute a valuable resource, exploring how state power has been exercised over the regions in Russia and the Soviet Union. Department ofHistogy JOHN SWIFT StMartin'sCollege, Lancaster Kiraly, B6la K. Artof Survival: Hungarian Jfational Defense andSociety in Modern Times.Edited by P. Balogh and T. Vitek. War and Society in East Central Europe, 38. Atlantic Studies on Society and Change, I20. East European Monographs, 640. Atlantic Research and Publications, Highland Lakes, NJ, 2003. vi + 515 pp. Tables. Notes. Biographies. Index. $6o.oo. THIS is a collection of articles published by Bela K. Kiraly in a variety of academic journals over a period of some forty years. It spans a remarkable range of interestsfor a scholar who, born in Hungary in 1912, served in the Hungarian army during the Second World War, rose to high militaryrankin the early years of the Communist regime, only to suffer the indignity of a show trial and four years' imprisonment in the I950s, played a key role as commander of the National Guard during the 1956Revolution, only learned English upon going into exile, completed a PhD and became a respected historianin the United States, returnedto Hungary and a seat in parliament after I989, and who was still going strong in the year of publication, at the age of ninety-one. There are four articles on various aspects of Hungarians' interest in plans for Danubian confederation, from the early nineteenth century to Imre Nagy, four articles on the relationship between Poles and Hungarians in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, five articles on land reform and peasant movements fromJoseph II to the post-Communist era, and fourpieces on Hungary'smilitaryrelationshipwith the Soviets,the events of 1956, and parallelsbetween 1956 in Hungary and I968 in Czechoslovakia. REVIEWS 159 In such a miscellanythe declaredcommon theme of Hungarians'capacityfor survival,in an often hostile world, is not always obvious, but two things that shine through in all the pieces under review are Kiraly's simple patriotism, and his at times naive readiness to attributethe best of motives to his fellow Hungarians in their relationship with the peoples around them. This Panglossianundertoneis most evidentin the articleson issuesof confederation and Danubian cooperation, as well as in those celebrating there is no other word possible the 'enduringfriendship'of Poles and Hungarians.In some of the earliest articles the author's limited command of English is still apparent,and he has not been well servedby his editors,who have let numerous typographicalerrors slip through. However, the majority of the articles are of continuing interest and importance. Those on the Polish-Hungarian symbiosis, for instance, highlight the extent to which both Polish and Hungarian gentry assumed, following Galicia's annexation by the Habsburg Monarchy in I772, that the province rightfully ought to be incorporated within the Kingdom of Hungary. This assumption, which Francis I was minded to accept, was not abandoned until I830, when the Polishinsurrection of that year turned the Galician Poles northwards,and drove Habsburgsand Romanovs closer together. The articleson land reformand the peasantryare uniformlypacked with useful information, and reflect the research that...

The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 with the coronation of Stephen as the first king of the realm. In 1102, King Coloman of the House of Árpád assumed the throne, bringing Croatia under the rule of Hungarian kings in a personal union. The Árpádian dynasty continued to rule Hungary until 1301, after which the Neapolitan Angevins rose to power. Following the reign of King Sigismund of Luxemburg (1387–1437), the first Habsburg ruler of Hungary, Albert, ascended the throne. The second half of the 15th century saw the golden age of King Matthias Corvinus, which was followed by a period of Jagiellonian rule. The end of the medieval kingdom was marked by the Battle of Mohacs in 1526, when the advancing Ottoman army defeated the Hungarians, killing young King Louis II as well. The Ottoman conquest resulted in the disintegration of the kingdom into three parts (Royal Hungary, the Ottoman territory, and the Principality of Transylvania). It was only reunited at the end of the 17th century under Habsburg rule. This history explains why the study of art in medieval Hungary is complicated. First of all, major sites in the center of the kingdom, in towns such as Esztergom, Buda, Visegrád, and Szekesfehervar, were destroyed. In the more peripheral areas of the kingdom, especially in Transylvania and the former Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), the artistic heritage of the Middle Ages has survived to a greater degree—however, Hungary lost these areas in the 1920 Trianon Peace Treaty. The territory of the medieval kingdom is now located in eight countries in addition to Hungary: Austria, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. The study of medieval art in this region has often been carried out within the framework of individual modern states. This presents a historiographical and linguistic challenge and makes it quite difficult to survey the entire scholarship on the topic. For an accurate picture of medieval art in the Kingdom of Hungary, the overall geographical framework of research needs to cover the entire historic territory of the medieval kingdom. The present article looks at medieval art from the entire territory of the historic Kingdom of Hungary. The present overview concentrates on recent art historical scholarship, with a strong focus on publications in more accessible Western languages. Thanks to a renewed interest in medieval Hungary in the late 20th and early 21st centuries—which can be measured by the number of exhibitions, international conferences, monographs, and study collections published by Western publishing houses—a large body of scholarship is now available on most topics in the field of medieval art in Hungary. The early Renaissance art that played a major role at the court of King Matthias and his direct successors is not treated in the article, as that topic is the subject of a separate article.

Aim: As forces originally designed to protect the country against attacks from the outside are required in maintaining the public order amidst extraordinary circumstances today, it was no different in the civic Hungarian state born with the Compromise. The aim of this study is to present a specific segment of the internal policing structure before 1918, the tasks of the armed forces.Methodology: document and content analysis.Findings: The dualist setup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the relationship within the Hungarian Kingdom’s public order defense organisations and to the civil administration created a unique environment which military units ordered to support police organs of insufficient staffing or capacity had to comply with. In the examined time period, the army’s participation in the joint fighting service of the Austro-Hungarian Empire’s and the Royal Hungarian Army’s engagement in maintaining the public order was common practice, since until the 1885 establishment of the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie, there was no military organised armed guard force bearing sufficient staffing, equipment and authorization, except in certain towns. As per its military organisational structure, the gendarmerie worked together with the defense forces in an effective way, and has practically taken over the majority of tasks from the armed forces. The current study examines how the armed forces’ activities by the military fit into the Hungarian public administration and what was the relationship like between the administrative authority ordering and the tactical combat force being ordered. Examining the armed forces’ tasks in the era is therefore necessary, both in its narrow and wider context, and paying special attention to the unique position of the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie is also important, which could both be in the position to order the force of arms unites and be ordered.Value: Due to space constraints, the present study does not allow for detailed presentation of the wider range of armed force tasks and their background laid down in the law and various rules, it rather focuses on systematically reviewing the topic and painting a general picture. The topic is still relevant today in the context of the contribution of the armed forces to law enforcement. The historical context explored in this study may also help to inform the development of regulation in the present.

Komoly kihívás a szegedi antropológia számára: a mohácsi terepantropológiai projekt