Abstract
Charles II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (lived 1630–85), spent fourteen years in continental Europe in the mid 17th century, separated by sea and circumstances from the seats of sovereignty which generations of his family had occupied. The first years of this period he spent largely as a resident of the French court, thanks to the influence of his mother, the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria. After his departure from France in 1654 he spent a spell, without pension or patron to speak of, in the Holy Roman Empire, before taking up residence in the Spanish Netherlands, a dominion of the King of Spain, and here he remained until his restoration in 1660.
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