The Saussurean architecture of meaning in Kövecses’s Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory

BOOK NOTICES 603 have insisted that only spoken language is language proper, and that written language is nothing but a representation of spoken language. But, paradoxically, when looking at the kind of language that has actually been studied in modern linguistics, one often finds that it is exactly the kind of language that is typical of written style. In counterreaction to that, the pragmatic turn of the seventies brought about a plethora of studies of spoken language in context, now neglecting the specific problems and features of written language. It is only in recent years that the position is gaining ground that written language is a subject of linguistics in its own right and should be studied separately from and in contrast to spoken language. The present volume is one of a regular flood of readers, special issues, and conference proceedings on problems of written language which have appeared over the last decade or so. It is certainly one of the most original, innovative, and thought-provoking of them. Presenting papers from the 17th Milwaukee Linguistics Symposium , held in April 1988, it shows how much theoretical and empirical linguistics has missed by ignoring this fundamental distinction. The papers are very heterogeneous in topic, approach, and theoretical pretensions. The editors have organized them in four different parts. The section 'Written language and spoken language compared' emphasizes differences between spoken and written language as well as parallels between spoken language and poetry. Orthographic systems' contains, inter alia, papers on the history ofthe alphabetic writing system . A further subject area is The psychology of orthography'. Despite the long delay in publishing the papers, most of them have not yet been overtaken by discussions in their respective fields. They actually present some theoretical nuts to crack for mainstream linguistics, in particular concerning the concepts of sentence (Wallace Chafe, 17-29), phoneme (Mark Aronoff , 71-82; Alice Faber, 1 1 1-34), and word (Ronald P. Schaeeer, 153-68), and the psychological reality of morphophonemic analyses and autonomy of segmental phonology (Bruce L. Derwing, 193-2 10; John J. Ohala, 21 1-37). All these linguistic constructs can be shown to be dependent on the existence ofwriting in some way or other, which is of course a devastating discovery for a linguistic theory based on these constructs which claims universal applicability. The consequences of literacy' is the section heading and topic of the concluding article, by Walter J. Ong (293-319), entitled 'Writing is a technology that restructures thought'. Ong's basic thesis is that the development of literacy so far has known three major leaps: the development of alphabetic writing, the invention of the printing-press, and the rise ofcomputer technology . I cannot agree with every assumption Ong makes in ascribing all major intellectual and cultural achievements during the last few millennia to this development, but I certainly found his article to be inspiring and challenging reading, like most others in this collection. [Paul Georg Meyer, Freie Universität Berlin.] Sociolingvistikkens(u)mulighed: Videnskabshistoriske studier i Ferdinand de Saussures og Louis Hjelmslevs strukturaliske sprogteorier [The (im)possibility of sociolinguistics : Historical studies in the structuralist linguistic theories of Ferdinand de Saussure and Louis Hjelmslev], By Frans Gregersen. (Tidende Skifter.) Viborg: SpecialTrykkeriet , 1991 . 2 vols. Pp. iv, 364; 316. This 680-page work, its enormous size a consequence of the fact that it was composed as a doctoral dissertation for the University of Copenhagen , is an attempt to come to terms with the theoretical heritage of Louis Hjelmslev as it relates to sociolinguistics. The book comprises three parts and an introduction, and is bound in two volumes with separate pagination. The contents are as follows: Preface, i-iii; Survey of archives consulted, 1-5; Introduction, 7-20; Part I: Ferdinand de Saussure, reluctant structuralist , 23-141; Intermezzo, 145-68; Part 11: The work of Louis Hjelmslev, 171-60; Part III: Hjelmslev and his circle, 63-228; Part IV: The (im)possibility of sociolinguistics, 231-72; References , 273-312; English summary, 313-316. There is no index of topics or persons mentioned . Comprehension is made unnecessarily difficult by the constant use ofacronyms for persons and organizations mentioned and for some of Hjelmslev's publications and for many...

Ferdinand de Saussure's thoughts on language came to light in 1916 with the publication of Cours de linguistique générale by his students.A hundred years on, the influence of his thoughts on modern linguistics is still being pinpointed.This paper reviews Saussure's influence on the cognitive approaches to meaning and grammar.The main objective is to demonstrate how Saussure planted the seeds of Cognitive Linguistics through his semiotic model of the "linguistic sign" (a sound-concept pairing) and how the influence of this model is growing in the era of Cognitive Linguistics.The study demonstrates that Saussure has had a greater impact on modern linguistics than pointed out in the literature, considering that his thought on language underlies cognitive linguistics theories which can be described as representing a return to the pre-Saussurean notion of the non-arbitrariness of the linguistic sign.

"Pelukku Untuk Pelikmu" is a musical work from a musician and book writer, Fiersa Besari. It was released as the soundtrack of the movie "Imperfect: Career, Love, & Scales" in 2019. Carrying the theme of self-confidence from one's insecure nature, this song is also intended for those who experience downturns and experience mental decline due to various problems in life so that they need positive encouragement to rise from these conditions. Therefore, indicators of social support are closely related and can be measured using sign analysis proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure. In his theory, Saussure describes five language concepts in the linguistic system that can be a knife to dissect the meaning of a text or sentence. Meanwhile, social support is divided into four types, namely emotional support, information support, instrumental/real support, and friendship support. The results of the meaning in the song lyrics will then classify each sentence in it into one of these types of support. The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative by analyzing the relationship between Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic theory and the concept of social support and then drawing conclusions based on the results of the analysis.

The paper examines trends and tendencies in modern linguistics since Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles S. Peirce in the study of iconicity in spoken and written language. Saussure’s dogma of the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign impeded research into linguistic iconicity for decades. Only in the 1980s did iconicity become a vital research field of modern linguistics (again). The paper argues further that Saussure’s concept of the arbitrary sign is not congruent with Peirce’s symbol and shows that Peirce’s icon differs from the Saussurean concept of the verbal sign motivated by similarities between the signifier and the signified. The study shows how some scholars interpreted the renewed interest in iconicity in language as an “iconic turn” in modern linguistics, while others hastened to narrow the concept of iconicity down again.

While it is fundamental for the linguistic system concept to be considered as a set of stable and interdependent structural rules, it is fundamental for the linguistic structure concept to be considered as a scheme of functional relationships, because the structure rules and the relationships are structural rules and relationships only if they ensure certain functions. This means that any minimal unit of a system belongs to that system if it has a function in a scheme of relationships, and it fulfils such function only if it belongs to a proper system. The concept of relationship has been theorized and clearly defined by Ferdinand de Saussure. In modern linguistics, this is a key point because everything in a natural language is based on relationships, starting with the linguistic sign – which is the result of a relationship between a signifier and a signified.

The article is devoted to the analysis and description of the formation of diachronic and synchronic linguistics. The birth and formation of the science of language from the standpoint of its synchronicity and diachrony was of great importance for the development of linguistics at the end of the 19th century. and in the 20th century. Starting from Wilhelm von Humboldt and Ferdinand de Saussure, the examination of language in statics and dynamics (language and speech) is intertwined with the study of language in diachronic and synchronic aspects. In modern linguistics, both theoretically and practically in this regard, all written languages have been investigated, therefore the science of language gives an idea of all languages, but with varying degrees of research, primarily of the diachronic aspect.In terms of synchronicity, modern languages have been studied quite deeply and widely, which is confirmed by textbooks and other teaching materials for their study and teaching. In the process of writing the article, methods such as the method of theoretical analysis, the method of linguistic analysis, and the comparative method were used.

Analysis and description of some aspects of the content of O.O. Suleimenov’s book “The Code of a Word. Introduction into Universal Etymological Dictionary ‘1001 words’” is carried out in the arcticlereview, which is characterized by innovative approach to the problem of investigation of origin of a word, notion, sign, and pronunciation since the beginning of ancient time. Notion of writing and verbal word with different graphics image and different pronunciation is based on the scientific conception of O.O. Suleimenov, regardless of geographical, national, cultural and language differences. An ancient origin of a word (etymon) is considered as synthesis of four above-listed aspects of origin of a word, which forms common psychological image in human consciousness. The Author of the book defines the following goals: to reveal and describe the world of the code of a word to identify an etymon. Method of double negation (denial of negation) is used in the paper. It furthers departure from well-known linguistic postulates and creating new investigational methods and forming results in new directed conclusion. For instance, a sign is identified as involuntary phenomenon. It is different from Ferdinand de Saussure’s assertion about voluntariness of a sign, which is regarded as normative notion in modern linguistics. We use the method of triple negation (to deny denial of negation) and draw conclusion that sign is both voluntary and involuntary: different nations have different signs of the sun, therefore a sign is voluntary in this sense. But every sign of the sun (in ancient Egyptians, ancient Chinese, ancient Turkic) have origin of a sing (invariant) - circle, semicircle, square i.e. closedness, therefore a sign is involuntary in this sense. O.O. Suleimenov investigates language to reveal etymon deeply and widely than in traditional, philological approaches. It is common of philological, linguistic, historical, philosophic, gnosiological approaches and appropriate scientific generalization using method of denial of negation and five rules, which were developed and introduced by O.O. Suleimenov into the system of scientific research.

The search for the lost semiotics revolution in contemporary linguistics

Linguistics is the study and the description of human languages. Linguistic theories on grammar and meaning have developed since ancient times and the Middle Ages. However, modern linguistics originated at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. Its founder and most prominent figure was probably Ferdinand de Saussure (1916) de Saussure, F. . Over time, modern linguistics has produced an impressive set of descriptions and theories.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على عالم لغوي طبقت شهرته الأفاق بوصفه من أکثر علماء اللغة المحدثين الذين استحقوا بفضل إنجازاتهم أن يسموا زعماء في اللغة، ونحن هنا بصدد عالم يسمى بـ أب اللسانيات الحديثة ، وزعيم الاتجاه البنيوي في اللسانيات، إنه العالم اللغوي الشهير فردناند دي سوسير . The study aims to shed light on the well-known linguist whose reputation reached the horizons as the best modern linguists who deserve being called leaders in the field of linguistics. This linguist is called the “father of modern linguistics” as a pioneer in structuralism. He is Ferdinand de Saussure. Keywords: Saussure linguistics.

The subject of the study is the history of the development and current state of the theory of reference, which reflects a variety of approaches and concepts. Some researchers believe that reference is a purely semantic phenomenon, while others emphasize the importance of context and pragmatics for understanding referentiality. The issue of the influence of cultural and social factors on reference in various languages is also being actively investigated. The history of the development of the theory of reference began with the works of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell at the beginning of the 20th century. Frege introduced the concept of semantic reference, arguing that every word has its own referent in the world. Russell developed this idea by proposing a theory of descriptions, according to which words indicate objects by describing their characteristics. The works of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Donald Davidson played an important role in the further development of the theory of reference. Wittgenstein proposed the concept of language games, arguing that reference depends on the context and use of a word in a certain situation. Davidson developed the theory of truth, according to which reference is determined through the connection between language and the world. The pragmatic and cognitive aspects of research methodology are important for the successful conduct of scientific research. The referential nature of signs plays a key role in this process, ensuring effective presentation and communication of research results. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive examination of the classical works of philosophers, semiotics and linguists, including Plato, Aristotle, Charles Pierce, Ferdinand de Saussure and Umberto Eco, on the theory of reference. One of the key concepts in the study of sign systems is referential. Referentiality allows to associate words with specific objects and understand their meaning. One of the most relevant areas of research in the field of reference is the study of ways in which linguistic units interact with the context and situation of communication. This allows for a deeper understanding of the processes of notation and interpretation in language, as well as the development of new theoretical models explaining these processes. Thus, scientific novelty in the study of the referentiality of signs continues to be relevant and important for the development of linguistics and related disciplines. The author's contribution in this area may lead to new discoveries and understanding of the mechanisms of linguistic communication.

For linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure is the defining figure of its modern period. For semiotics too he is the founding figure within Europe, alongside Peirce in America. Yet Saussure’s influence reaches far beyond linguistics and semiotics, through the structuralism which his teaching inspired in the decades following his death, and even the post-structuralism which followed it. With chapters written by leading scholars from across the world, this detailed and comprehensive volume charts the significance of Saussure’s work across the wide range of fields in which it had an impact, providing a thorough understanding, and the definitive guide to, his ideas and legacy. Divided into four parts, the book first explores Saussure’s life and career, including his published and unpublished work. Part Two is devoted to the Course in General Linguistics, which is dissected across five chapters to offer a highly detailed account of the most important book within modern linguistics. Part Three traces the Course and its leading ideas across the ensuing decades, as Saussure became the acknowledged founding figure not just of modern linguistics and semiotics, but of a structuralism which was not limited by academic field. Lastly, Part Four highlights key themes and topics for close attention, offering an even greater depth of insight into the life, work and reception of Saussure.

Saussurean linguistics and the problem of meaning—from dynamic statics to static dynamics

Sinetron (Indonesian Soap opera) are a medium that functions to convey messages in audio-visual form. As an information medium, sinetron (Indonesian soap operas) can be said to be the most effective medium in conveying messages containing da'wah to the public. One of the Sinetron (Indonesian Soap opera) that can convey messages containing da'wah is the sinetron (Indonesian soap opera) "Para Pencari God Volume 14" which not only provides education but also preaching messages to its viewers. The interesting thing about this sinetron (Indonesian Soap opera) is that it dares to raise issues that are considered current, such as current conditions. Therefore, the author is interested in researching a s Sinetron (Indonesian Soap opera) entitled "Para Pencari tuhan jilid 14" by Citra Cinema regarding the preaching message contained in each scene, then interpreted using Ferdinand De Sausssure's semiotic analysis method. Based on the background above, the research question posed by the author is: what is the meaning of the preaching message of commendable morals towards fellow humans in the semiotic analysis of Ferdinand De Saussure in the Sinetron (Indonesian Soap opera) Para Pencari tuhan jilid 14. The aim of this research is: to find out the meaning of the preaching message contained in the Sinetron (Indonesian Soap opera) "Para Pencari tuhan jilid 14" uses Ferdinand De Saussure's semiotic analysis. This research was conducted using qualitative research with a semiotic analysis approach. The data sources used in this research are primary data, namely the video of the Sinetron (Indonesian Soap opera) “Para Pencari tuhan jilid 14” which was uploaded on YouTube and secondary data in the form of photos, documents, articles, journals and books. Data collection techniques were carried out using non-participant observation and documentation. The data analysis technique used is Ferdinand De Saussure's semiotic model which interprets the meaning of signifier (signifier) and signified (signified). Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, the author concludes that the meaning of the da'wah message contained in the Sinetron (Indonesian Soap opera) “Para pencari tuhan jilid 14” in Ferdinand De Saussure's analysis is 1) giving help, 2) giving advice, 3) saying and answering greetings, 4) saying the truth, 5 ) keeping the mandate, 6) keeping one's gaze, 7) inviting good things, 8) forgiving and forgiving each other, 9) smiling when they meet, and 10) holding back anger.

Structuralism