The Russian Socioeconomic Genotype

The Marxist, "historical materialist" concept of social development could neither explain nor reliably predict the course of world social development in the stormy twentieth century. If we take Russia as an example, it was specifically political factors that were decisive in the breakup of the economic structure and in the regression of production. The logic of the process was obviously the opposite of the historical materialist process. The character of development was dictated by centuries-old sociocultural tendencies that cyclically reproduced in Russia the situation of "catch-up development." Nor does the historical materialist approach make it possible to analyze the reasons for the current decline in production. In fact, they lie outside economics: the Soviet state's long-term policy was responsible for unprecedented militarization and enormous structural defects in the national economy. In a word, social development is a much more complex, multifactorial process that precludes a monistic explanation from the positions of historical materialism.

Problem setting. The course of scientific debate for explaining social development has been determined for a long time by the competition of two theoretical and methodological approaches. The first approach – the evolutionist one affirmed the unity of the historical process, which obeys certain general laws (the so-called historical progress theories), and the second – the civilizational one presented social dynamics as a complex configuration of coexisting civilizations and cultures that successively replace each other over time (the historical circulation theories).Recent research and publications analysis. Among the domestic scientists who paid attention to the study of social development conceptual ideas, it is necessary to mention L. Bevzenko, А. Danilova, B. Dubina, S. Makeeva, M. Mishchenko, Yu. Pavlenko, O. Paskhaver, I. Popova, V. Tarasenko, V. Khmelko and some others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. At the present stage of science development, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on the analysis of the essence and features of the fundamental aspects of the social development concepts. The study is devoted to systematization, comparative analysis and identification of fundamental aspects of conceptual approaches to understanding and interpretation of social development.Paper main body. The general features of the evolutionist concept can be summarized as follows. The historical process has a single form and continuous dynamics of development, which is associated with progress. The evolutionary changes, occurring linearly and having predictable nature, condition the progressive social dynamics from primitive states to more complex ones, from homogeneity to heterogeneity, from chaos to organization. The basis of evolutionary development is a single consequence mechanism, acting independently of humans’ will and consciousness, the core of which is the desire for social self-transformation.The concepts of historical circulation (cyclical, civilizational development) represent another traditional approach that explains the development of society and cultures. Most representatives of this approach consider the culture as a biological organism, which undergoes similar phases of its development: birth, adulthood, maturity, flourishing, old age, and death. The course of the world historical process is regarded by the theory of the historical circulation as a synthesis of different cultures and civilizations, having little interaction with each other and minor mutual influence.Modern theories, focusing on the active role of society members, individually or collectively participating in public life, consider social development as a contradictory and nonlinear phenomenon of the global world, as a radical, multidimensional, multistage and large-scale historical process transforming society and its institutional and socio-cultural environment. It covers all social subsystems and leads to the formation of effectively functioning institutional complexes supporting and enhancing the social aromorphosis and idioadaptation based on positive feedback between all the sociocultural system elements.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Nowadays, with the emergence of new concepts of social development, there is a possibility for a certain integration of these approaches into a new, systemic-cyclical approach, which defends, on the one hand, the multidimensionality and multivariate character of historical process, its alternative nature, and on the other hand – the inevitability and regular continuity of social development.

Introduction. Thу article analyzes key socioeconomic undertakings of the PRC at the present stage. In China, the year 2021 has marked a completion of Xiaokang — ‘moderately prosperous’ — society construction. Through the years of reform and opening up, the traditional concept of Xiaokang society has become a strategic goal of China’s socialist modernization and a core of socialism’s theory with Chinese features. Goals. The article primarily aims at analyzing relationship between the concept of Xiaokang society and Xi Jinping’s newly proclaimed doctrine of ‘common prosperity’, compliance of socialist modernization strategies with Chinese specifics. Since the concept of ‘common prosperity’ implies not only economic but also political contexts, it requires extensive and deep sociopolitical insights into ways and mechanisms to be involved thereto, and it is as urgent to identify potential impacts on Chinese society. Materials and methods. The paper examines Chinese periodicals of the specified era, studies contemporary historiographic sources relating to the issue. The study of public policy focuses on policy articles and documents, fundamental works by Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Xi Jinping, and the economist Li Yining. Results. Over the 40 years, the strategic goal of Chinese modernization has evolved from ‘Xiaokang level’ to ‘Xiaokang society’, and from ‘comprehensive Xiaokang society construction’ to ‘completeness of Xiaokang society in all aspects’. In addition, subtexts of the strategy has also made a significant leap — from equal emphases on material and spiritual components of civilization to strengthening of all five components, namely: material, spiritual, political, social, and environmental ones. The living standards have experienced fundamental changes: the problem of food and clothing (wenbao) has finally been solved, common well-being of the people increased, and absolute poverty of rural population eliminated. However, there are still some social issues to have remained unresolved throughout the construction of ‘moderately prosperous society’. Conclusions. The fulfillment of the ‘first century goal’ has required that the Government articulate a new goal for China’s economic and social development to deal with still existing problems, such as income inequality and social imbalance, which in turn may cause political instability and threaten the legitimacy of the ruling party’s power. In response to the growing need of the people for a better life and further economic growth of society, the PRC Government has introduced a new concept of social development — ‘common prosperity’ (gongtong fuyu). President Xi Jinping points out that ‘common prosperity is a necessary condition for socialism and an important feature of Chinese-style modernization’.

Introduction. Thу article analyzes key socioeconomic undertakings of the PRC at the present stage. In China, the year 2021 has marked a completion of Xiaokang — ‘moderately prosperous’ — society construction. Through the years of reform and opening up, the traditional concept of Xiaokang society has become a strategic goal of China’s socialist modernization and a core of socialism’s theory with Chinese features. Goals. The article primarily aims at analyzing relationship between the concept of Xiaokang society and Xi Jinping’s newly proclaimed doctrine of ‘common prosperity’, compliance of socialist modernization strategies with Chinese specifics. Since the concept of ‘common prosperity’ implies not only economic but also political contexts, it requires extensive and deep sociopolitical insights into ways and mechanisms to be involved thereto, and it is as urgent to identify potential impacts on Chinese society. Materials and methods. The paper examines Chinese periodicals of the specified era, studies contemporary historiographic sources relating to the issue. The study of public policy focuses on policy articles and documents, fundamental works by Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Xi Jinping, and the economist Li Yining. Results. Over the 40 years, the strategic goal of Chinese modernization has evolved from ‘Xiaokang level’ to ‘Xiaokang society’, and from ‘comprehensive Xiaokang society construction’ to ‘completeness of Xiaokang society in all aspects’. In addition, subtexts of the strategy has also made a significant leap — from equal emphases on material and spiritual components of civilization to strengthening of all five components, namely: material, spiritual, political, social, and environmental ones. The living standards have experienced fundamental changes: the problem of food and clothing (wenbao) has finally been solved, common well-being of the people increased, and absolute poverty of rural population eliminated. However, there are still some social issues to have remained unresolved throughout the construction of ‘moderately prosperous society’. Conclusions. The fulfillment of the ‘first century goal’ has required that the Government articulate a new goal for China’s economic and social development to deal with still existing problems, such as income inequality and social imbalance, which in turn may cause political instability and threaten the legitimacy of the ruling party’s power. In response to the growing need of the people for a better life and further economic growth of society, the PRC Government has introduced a new concept of social development — ‘common prosperity’ (gongtong fuyu). President Xi Jinping points out that ‘common prosperity is a necessary condition for socialism and an important feature of Chinese-style modernization’.

The article considers the features of the development of modern cities from the point of view of the ecological approach. The main focus is on approaches within the framework of the implementation of sustainable development. Sustainable development is a new concept of scientific development, and sustainable development requires us to change not only the concept of economic development, but also the concept of social development. The development of the city as a social development and economic development is an important embodiment of the process of sustainable development, but also in the pursuit of the concept of innovation. The paper analyzes domestic and foreign literature within the framework of the research topic, as well as uses comparative, comparative and analytical methods. The author examines the main problems of city construction from the perspective of an ecological approach, based on the basic principles of ecological urban planning, the main content and ecological function of zoning, and also examines the ecological city and its relationship with sustainable development. Ecological cities are a necessary condition for the sustainable development of society. In the last few thousand years, the development of society has been based on the price of sacrificing the environment, where the main role belongs to cities as the core of human society. This is a rather negative development scenario that does not provide for long-term sustainability, as the potential of the environment is increasingly depleted. The current situation is becoming threatening, and if it is not changed, not only the survival and development of future generations will be under serious threat, but also modern man will be in a situation on the verge of survival. Thus, the process of building an ecological city will reverse this negative situation and will not only contribute to the provision of conditions for the normal life of the existing civilization, but also will protect future generations of people, that is, will contribute to sustainable social development. In turn, the sustainable development of society is to ensure the construction of an ecological city, and an integrated approach to this problem will allow achieving the harmonious development of ecological cities.

The article presents some trends characteristic of the current stage of social and economic development. The role of integration of innovative technologies and digitalization of various spheres of society is emphasized, as well as some tasks and problems associated with these processes are identified. The concept of social development is considered, as well as the possibility of the influence of social work as a specific professional activity on the processes of social development. It is emphasized that the effectiveness of social development is largely determined by the quality of human capital. The article reveals the essence of social work as a phenomenon of the modern world, and also identifies its tasks as a tool for effective social development. English version of the article on pp. 874-876 is available at URL:https://panor.ru/articles/social-work-as-a-phenomenon-of-the-modern-world-and-its-impact-on-the-processes-of-social-development/77421.html

Study of Lenin and Vygotsky's theoretical explorations of social and individual development reveals Vygotsky's conception of conscious awareness and scientific concepts as directly correlated with Lenin's conception of consciousness. Following from this core idea, similarities are demonstrated between Lenin's conception of the role of political leadership in the development of working-class consciousness and the role of Vygotsky's teacher or "more capable peer" in the development of "conscious awareness." Finally, Vygotsky's methodological leap in his conception of individual development is best understood when situated within Lenin's concept of social development. Vygotsky is thus re-established as operating within the Marxist–Leninist political and philosophical tradition.

The article deals with the attitude of Orthodox doctrine about the person and society to a number of European and American social concepts, including "social evangelism," "positivist sociology" (using the example of G. Spencer), Nietzscheanism, "organistic" con-cepts of social development. It is concluded that, despite the desire to find their interpretation of social processes based on the patristic tradition, representatives of spiritual and academic philosophy used the conceptual ideas of Catholic and Protestant au-thors, especially the latter's criticism of positivism and Nietzscheanism when considering social issues. In addition, the article indi-cates a close connection between the Orthodox doctrine of society and the study of the ethical and social nature of man.

This document deals with literacy in the context of a new concept of social development, where public libraries have an important social mission to fulfill. After analyzing the problem of illiteracy as an expression of unequal access to social wealth, information resources and knowledge, it defines functional literacy as a process which enables individuals to participate in social development and change. To this effect, it proposes two lines of action for public libraries: as an ally of institutions and organizations which carry out literacy activities and as a service unit, which can provide information resources to people participating in literacy education. It concludes by affirming that the public library is a vindication of democracy, and that it should contribute to incorporate individuals to social development, so as to guarantee a better life, where «Education for All» will be a reality

This Article Analyzes The Interrelationships Of The Two Phenomena, Namely, The Concepts Of Social Development And Spiritual Maturity. The Large-Scale Reforms Being Implemented In Uzbekistan, Which Has Positively Impacted The Population's Social Mood, Are Illustrated By Concrete Examples. The Process of Globalization Brings With It New Opportunities For Humanity, As Well As Unexpected Problems. Threats And Dangers To National Identity And Spiritual Values Are Growing. Only Self-Centeredness, Light-Heartedness Towards Work, Family, And Consumerism Are Analyzed In Various Ways, Especially In Young People's Minds. In Social Development, the Spirituality of People and Nation Changes Depending On Society's Life. The Social Mood Of A Particular Society Depends On The Effectiveness Of The Changes And Reforms That Occur.

The Jakarta Smart Card (KJP) is a governmental program in Jakarta designed to promote educational equity for students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. This KJP initiative represents a key governmental policy, structured as a social development instrument. This policy serves as an appropriate measure to ensure educational equality. Hence, what kind of policy concept should the government adopt to promote equitable education for the people of Jakarta? This study aims to provide a new policy direction for the government's efforts in social development within the education sector, specifically through the KJP program in Jakarta. The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, employing both quantitative and qualitative research to capture the structural, cultural, and social process dimensions related to the effectiveness and implementation of the KJP within the community. The quantitative research involved a random sampling of 99 respondents. The qualitative component employed a snowball sampling technique through in-depth interviews with 11 informants. The findings reveal several key results: First, structurally, the KJP is deemed effective as a program for enhancing community education and has demonstrably reduced the school dropout rate. Second, culturally, the KJP has successfully motivated new values and enthusiasm within the community, encouraging greater diligence, effort, and responsibility. Third, the KJP program was socialized and communicated transparently through schools and a dedicated website, as a form of social process. The concept of social development, framed by the dimensions of structure, culture, and social process, emerges as the appropriate and effective solution for achieving inclusive and holistic educational equity

In the 1950s, the UN began to use the concept of social development, in contrast to economic development. Social development as adapted to Japan brought a dramatic change in Japanese policy debates on human resources and social security. In this chapter, I discuss the role of the idea of social development in promoting the policy debate towards introducing child allowance in Japan. Social development as a Japanese concept was combined with an interest to improve “the quality of population”, in particular through the state’s role in family planning, while the UN’s concept encompassed a more general humanism or psychosocial well-being.

The article elucidates the aspects of social development of preschoolers aged 5-6 from the perspective of the family environment. The concept of social development, family and its functions researched by various authors is analyzed. At the same time, the expectations towards the family are formulated based on Csiksyentmihalzi’s theory and the four levels of proximity of adults are highlighted, characterized by different combinations based on three factors.

Любое социальное развитие предполагает два элемента: идею (в различной форме проявления и готовности) и практику. И если второе представляет собой своеобразный «ответвызов» (выраженный в концепции социального развития от Тойнби, Чаадаева до современных ее авторов и последователей), то первая представляет длительное созидательное развитие. Отличие первого от второго заключается в том, чтобы «узнав» будущее, а также «выявив» основные тенденции, внести (и вносить) в настоящем такие изменения, которые приведут к изменению (появлению нового/иного) будущего, т.е. речь идет даже не о том, чтобы «возглавить изменения», когда невозможно их предотвратить, а чтобы создать новое в будущем в соответствие с заранее созданным проектом. Данную форму управления социальным развитием мы называем стратегией, тогда как предыдущую тактикой. Предложено свое определение стратегии, выделены ее основные элементы и признаки. Дана классификация стратегов. В настоящем исследовании на примере анализа многочисленных компаний и «побед» Наполеона Бонапарта, но по известным причинам приведено их ограниченное число, сделана попытка ответить на вопрос: был ли Наполеон Бонапарт стратегом? Параллельно приводятся имена истинных стратегов. Any social development presupposes two elements: an idea (in various forms of manifestation and readiness) and practice. And if the second is a kind of "response-challenge" (expressed in the concept of social development from Toynbee, Chaadaev to its contemporary authors and followers), then the first is a longterm creative development. The difference between the first and the second is that having “learned” the future, as well as “identifying” the main trends, make (and introduce) such changes in the present that will lead to a change (the emergence of a new / different) future, i.e. it’s not even about “leading changes” when it is impossible to prevent them, but about creating something new in the future in accordance with a previously created project. We call this form of social development management a strategy, while the previous tactics. Its own definition of the strategy is proposed, its main elements and features are highlighted. A classification of strategists is given. In this study, using the example of the analysis of numerous companies and "victories" of Napoleon Bonaparte, but for obvious reasons their limited number is given, an attempt is made to answer the question: was Napoleon Bonaparte a strategist? In parallel, the names of the true strategists are given.

The present article sought to discuss how the emergence of the contemporary notion of intellectual property and copyright impacts the relationship between social and scientific development in different countries. To this end, a historical review of the notion of property was employed as the methodology, bringing the origin of the legislation related to the protection of intellectual property in Brazil and in the world, as well as the concepts of social development and scientific development. Finally, the article brought reflections on how the transformation of contemporary authorial production allows a greater focus on collective social well-being, not just on individual interest. The present study allowed us to infer that, if on the one hand the recognition of intellectual property and copyright were created with the objective of promoting new creations and protecting the rights of authors, on the other hand, the imposition of barriers to the diffusion of new scientific and technological discoveries by developed countries contributes to the maintenance of deep divergences between the level of social development achieved by these nations in comparison to developing countries.