Abstract
This paper evaluates the determinants of decision-making in relation to the production of four crops (banana, cassava, potato, and sweet potato). Understanding the division of labor and decision-making in crop management may lead to designing better interventions targeted at improving efficiency in smallholder agriculture. In 2014, the research team conducted a quantitative household survey with heads of households involving 261 women and 144 men in Burundi and 184 women and 222 men in Rwanda. Most of the decisions and labor provision during the production of both cash crops (potato and banana) and food crops (sweet potato and cassava) were done jointly by men and women in male-headed households. Higher values for ‘credit access’, ‘land size’, and ‘farming as the main occupation of the household head’ increased the frequency of joint decision-making in male-headed households. A decline in the amount of farm income reduced the participation of men as decision-makers. A reduction in total household income and proximity to the market was correlated with joint decision-making. Gender norms also contributed to the lower participation of women in both decision-making and labor provision in banana and potato cultivation. Although a large proportion of decisions were made jointly, women perceived that men participate more in decision-making processes within the household during the production of cash crops. Increased participation by women in decision-making will require an active and practical strategy which can encourage adjustments to existing traditional gender norms that recognize men as the main decision-makers at both the household and community levels.
Highlights
Root, tuber, and banana (RTB) crops are important for food and income security in the African Great Lakes region
Whereas Male-Headed Households (MHHs) had a significantly larger household size (5.5 persons) than Female-Headed Households (FHHs) (4.6 persons) in Rwanda, no such statistical difference was observed among households in Burundi (5.9 vs. 6.4 persons) (Table 2)
Members within Male-headed households (MHHs) had, on average, received more years of formal education than those in female-headed households (FHHs). Both farm and off-farm incomes in FHHs in Rwanda were less than half of those of MHHs there was no such difference in Burundi
Summary
Tuber, and banana (RTB) crops are important for food and income security in the African Great Lakes region. They are an important staple food, and some are rich in micro-nutrients. As such, they are vital, for alleviating poverty among resource-constrained smallholder farmers and in reducing malnutrition, especially among pregnant women and children [1]. Except for potato, which is grown at mid-to-high altitudes, banana, cassava, and the sweet potato are cultivated in most provinces of Rwanda and Burundi. In Rwanda and Burundi, bananas and potatoes are both food and cash crops while sweet potatoes and cassava are cultivated mainly for home consumption. Rwanda has the highest per capita consumption of sweet potato roots at 89 kg compared to the global average of 14 kg [4]
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