Abstract
Pakistan is experiencing a “double burden’’ of disease. Under-development is associated with illnesses like infections and nutritional deficiency, and is accompanied with diseases linked with development, such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer and chronic kidney disease. In Pakistan, renal and genitourinary diseases are an important, unaddressed health issues. Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a recognized form of renal failure in Pakistan. A possible cause of CKDu is toxins such as arsenic, cadmium, lead and other heavy metals associated with renal and genitourinary diseases. The poultry industry is an important source of both heavy metal toxins and also mycotoxins spread in the process of farming. Of the numerous mycotoxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin are well-known for their hazardous effects on genitourinary and renal parenchyma respectively. We reviewed the literature using PubMed and Google Scholar databases for levels of these toxins in various constituents of chicken farming like chicken feed, meat, litter and human drinking water contamination in various parts of the country. We found that these toxins are in higher levels than recommended.
Highlights
The global upsurge in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including heart disease, diabetes, cancers and chronic lung diseases is such that the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared
They concluded that ochratoxin A (OTA) levels in poultry feed ingredients were alarmingly high
Industrial pollution is an important cause of NCDs amongst which chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a dramatically increasing prevalence
Summary
The global upsurge in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including heart disease, diabetes, cancers and chronic lung diseases is such that the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared. The poultry industry, largely unregulated and unsupervised, may have a role in CKDu in Pakistan.[12] In this literature review, we explored toxins in constituents of chicken farming in different parts of the country and draw links with renal dysfunction and disease. About 2,821 million tons of chicken feed are produced annually and the public consumption has increased to 834 metric ton of chicken meat per annum.[13,14] this expanding industry, unregulated by directives and surveillance, may be rapidly producing substantial health hazards. The effect of these health hazards includes dangerous chemical and microbiological agents.
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