The Role of the Distal Histidine in H2O2 Activation and Heme Protection in both Peroxidase and Globin Functions

Abstract

The distal histidine mutations of dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin A (DHP A) to aspartate (H55D) and asparagine (H55N) have been prepared to study the role played by the distal histidine in both activation and protection against oxidation by radicals in heme proteins. The H55D and H55N mutants of DHP A have ~6-fold and ~11-fold lower peroxidase activities than wild type enzyme toward the oxidation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) to yield 2,6-dichloroquinone (DCQ) in the presence of H(2)O(2). The origin of the lower rate constants may be the solvent-exposed conformations of distal D55 and N55, which would have the dual effect of destabilizing the binding of H(2)O(2) to the heme iron, and of removing the acid-base catalyst necessary for the heterolytic O-O bond cleavage of heme-bound H(2)O(2) (i.e., compound 0). The partial peroxidase activity of H55D can be explained if one considers that there are two conformations of the distal aspartate (open and closed) by analogy with the distal histidine. We hypothesize that the distal aspartate has an active conformation in the distal pocket (closed). Although the open form is observed in the low-temperature X-ray crystal structure of ferric H55D, the closed form is observed in the FTIR spectrum of the carbonmonoxy form of the H55D mutant. Consistent with this model, the H55D mutant also shows inhibition of TCP oxidation by 4-bromophenol (4-BP). Consistent with the protection hypothesis, compound ES, the tyrosyl radical-containing ferryl intermediate observed in WT DHP A, was not observed in H55D.