The role of the colon in MS Erfurt of the Tosefta

The article determines that the basis for effective activity for the protection of critical infrastructure facilities is the formation of a system of legislative definition of criteria for attribution to the critical infrastructure of the state of the relevant facilities, including aviation. The basis of legislative and organizational activity in this sense is the implementation of scientific research aimed at the formation of scientific and organizational security of aviation objects. It is stated that beyond the scope of modern research in aviation security and in the whole of all critical infrastructure objects there remain: theoretical clarification of the essence and correlation of such theoretical and applied categories of different types of security with regard to critical infrastructure and aviation transport objects. The reasons and conditions for the formation of security threats to the entire aviation infrastructure of Ukraine have not been properly investigated. The necessity of development of theoretical and applied and legal problems of safety of the objects of aviation transport of Ukraine is determined not only by the intervention in the activity of civil aviation, but also by the whole complex of conditions of normal activity of structures and subjects of business activity of objects of aviation infrastructure. The purpose of the article is to create on the basis of a series of articles a theoretical basis for organizational and legal security of objects of aviation transport infrastructure. The purpose of the article was implemented in a systematic approach to the study of existing problems in the security sphere of aviation infrastructure. The use of a set of general and specific research methods made it possible to determine the factors and content of the causes and conditions of the formation of threats to the security of all aviation transport infrastructure in Ukraine. This approach made it possible to conclude that the content of security of aviation infrastructure and economic entities located in their territory can be viewed from several positions: First - as conditions in which there is a complex system where the action of external factors and internal factors does not lead to the emergence of threats and negative objective and subjective negative processes. Secondly, as a condition of critical infrastructure - aviation, at which the risk of harming people or property is reduced to an acceptable level. Thirdly - as a type of activity of authorized structural units for creation of normative conditions for functioning of critical infrastructure objects - aviation transport. Taking into account the analysis of the practice, legislative and departmental regulations and opinions of scientists, a differentiated classification of security threats to aviation infrastructure objects is given, with determination of their impact on each element of the infrastructure.

Correlations between estrogen signaling and human morbidity seems to be very unclear and difficult topic. Nowadays, the opinions of scientists have been partially changed regarding “estrogen induced diseases”, but the overwhelming literary data are still contradictory. Physiological estrogen levels in healthy premenopausal women supply protection against insulin resistance, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and malignancies as compared with men of the same age. However, after menopause a decreased ovarian estrogen synthesis will rapidly deteriorate the glucose sensitivity and increases the prevalence of life threatening diseases. New findings on the functions of tissular estrogen receptors (ERs) indicate that estradiol plays important role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. Diverse disorders associated with insulin resistance are usually well treatable by estradiol substitution both in pre- and postmenopausal women as well as in animal experiments. ERs seem to have balanced interplay in the maintenance of adaptation to the momentarily changing intra and extracellular stimuli. This equilibrium may be shattered in case of a defective estrogen supply or by the derangement of ER signaling pathways. Understanding the crosstalk and interplay between ERs illuminates the fact that there is no good or bad ER isoform, but they construe a complex system so as to achieve an ideal internal milieu. Considering the regulatory effects of ERs on food intake, insulin secretion, glucose uptake and metabolic processes, estrogen administration may be a therapeutic avenue to repair insulin sensitivity in patients with dysmetabolism and diabetes mellitus.

Optimizing the management decision-making system at enterprises of the construction industry of Ukraine in today's difficult economic conditions is one of the main factors capable not only of adopting and improving the enterprise's management system, but also of ensuring its stability and competitiveness. The results of the analysis of the essence of the process and ensuring the effectiveness of management decision-making, testify to the presence of a large number of opinions of scientists regarding the development of many theories and methods of achieving the necessary results in this direction, but the absence of a single generalized solution. The article considers the main directions of optimization of the management decision-making system on the example of the construction company «Dongarantbud» LLC, the main type of economic activity of which is the construction of residential and non-residential buildings. In accordance with the norms of the current legislation, the enterprise, according to its technical and economic indicators, is classified as a micro or small business entity. It is for such economic entities that the state, at the highest level, implementing the support program, in particular the Law of Ukraine «On the Development and Support of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Ukraine», implements certain economic and legal principles and creates favorable conditions in order to ensure a competitive environment and increasing the level of competitiveness for all market subjects. However, conditions of uncertainty and a state of crisis force enterprises of the construction industry to implement a policy of optimization of internal resources and potential, for the possibility of rapid adaptation to the requirements of today's market. Based on the opinion of many scientists regarding the consideration of the organization as a single complex system, taking into account the financial possibilities for implementing changes in small and medium-sized enterprises, appropriate directions for optimizing the management decision-making system, which are based on the reduction of negative factors that affect the effectiveness of decision-making, have been chosen management decisions. On the basis of the received data, a set of measures was formed, which in today's realities is able to optimize the process of making management decisions at the construction enterprise «Dongarantbud» LLC and ensure its effectiveness.

Environmental Footprint of Anesthesia: More than Inhaled Anesthetics!

From precautionary inadequacy to participatory risk management

In the present article the author studies and reviews the essential scientific opinions and discourse on the understanding of the term and phenomena of Cybernetics. The article is the author's vision of the concept of cybernetic epistemology based on its progressive methodological features. The main idea of the understanding of the information warfare category as a complex social system (society) in the context of cybernetic epistemology is also developed in the present research. The concept of complexity theory has not yet been applied in the study of ontological characteristics of the "information warfare" phenomenon so far. This kind of analyzing method allows us to highlight the true essential characteristics of "information warfare". There are recursiveness and spontaneous nature among them. This kind of epistemology methods and their possible and proper application in Cybernetics were analyzed and reviewed in the present paper. Such an analyzing confirmed the relevance of this research for the formalization of the world’s complex phenomena. It also determined the possibility of constructive generalization of knowledge and research data. However, this knowledge should be gained in the process of complex formalization of the studied phenomena characteristics (ontology) and the maximum permissible changes and transformation in their conditions and forms.

The author uses the metaphor of a ‘climate change disinformation landscape’ to emphasise the multifaceted nature of the climate change disinformation problem as a complex information system with many interacting variables. This concept encompasses actors spreading disinformation through tradi- tional media and online think tank platforms, politicians and other actors with different attitudes towards the scientific facts about climate change. The analysis of scientific sources allowed the author to find that the public’s trust in scientists is highest; television and online information are seen as the place where respondents see most climate disinformation; political parties and governments are identified as sources of false and misleading disinformation; and the media are seen as influencing the decisions and actions of large corporations on climate change, government policies and public attitudes. The article analyses the actors who reject the scientific consensus on climate change by actively spreading disinformation about global warming. They are known as “climate sceptics” or “climate deniers”. They also include PR firms and other public relations structures that work with climate-damaging corporations, betraying their own idea of corporate social responsibility. Large oil, gas, coal and other companies are the main clients of PR firms, and PR is used to manipulate public opinion, maintain the authority of cor- porations in the climate debate, protect their interests and distract the public from real problems.

Four Commentaries on the Pope’s Message on Climate Change and Income Inequality. IV. Pope Francis’ Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’, Global Environmental Risks, and the Future of Humanity.

Public policy on the development and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has mainly been concerned with defining proper strategies of risk management. However, surveys and focus group interviews show that although lay people are concerned with risks, they also emphasize that genetic modification is ethically questionable in itself. Many people feel that this technology "tampers with nature" in an unacceptable manner. This is often identified as an objection to the crossing of species borders in producing transgenic organisms. Most scientists reject these opinions as based on insufficient knowledge about biotechnology, the concept of species, and nature in general. Some recent projects of genetic modification aim to accommodate the above mentioned concerns by altering the expression of endogenous genes rather than introducing genes from other species. There can be good scientific reasons for this approach, in addition to strategic reasons related to greater public acceptability. But are there also moral reasons for choosing intragenic rather than transgenic modification? I suggest three interrelated moral reasons for giving priority to intragenic modification. First, we should respect the opinions of lay people even when their view is contrary to scientific consensus; they express an alternative world-view, not scientific ignorance. Second, staying within species borders by strengthening endogenous traits reduces the risks and scientific uncertainty. Third, we should show respect for nature as a complex system of laws and interconnections that we cannot fully control. The main moral reason for intragenic modification, in our view, is the need to respect the "otherness" of nature.

The controversial 2001 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service water allocation decision in the Klamath Basin has been portrayed as an example of scientific guesswork operating under a flawed Endangered Species Act. This conclusion has been based on an interim National Research Council report, quickly prepared in late fall 2001. We have reviewed several iterations of the NRC Interim Report as well as all Biological Opinions and management documents related to Klamath Basin suckers and provide an overview. The 2001 Biological Opinion and the Interim Report illustrate the lack of consensus typical of scientists in the early stages of exploring a complex system. Unfortunately, the Biological Opinion created hardship for a small group of people and the lack of scientific consensus has politicized the debate. Politicians have assumed that the Interim Report has primacy in the scientific debate when, in fact, its speedy construction contributed to multiple errors that detract from its scientific usefulness. The NRC Interim Report has, instead, primarily served to deflect debate away from the needs of listed fishes to one about shortcomings in the Endangered Species Act. Although the process of science has been served by both the 2001 Biological Opinion and the Interim Report, both have shortcomings, and we see no justification for either side labeling the other's decisions or conclusions as “not sound science.”

Reviewed by: Animal equality: Language and liberation by Joan Dunayer Sara Mills Animal equality: Language and liberation. By Joan Dunayer. Derwood, MD: Ryce, 2001. Pp. xi, 247. I was initially put off reading this book by the preface by Carol Adams which begins ‘Animal equality is intensely powerful: groundbreaking, definitive, comprehensive, compelling. Unparalleled in scope and exhaustively researched, it is a remarkable achievement’ (xxx); and she goes on to suggest that ‘If I were you, I’d pick up a second copy along with this one. You’re going to want to lend one out or give it away, but you won’t want to be without one yourself . . . One extra copy? I’m thinking of stocking five to ten at a time!’ I am unaccustomed to this level of hyperbole in an academic context and felt that the book could not possibly live up to expectations. Yet the book does have some very positive points: It is groundbreaking, in that there is little research on the language used to refer to animals and particularly the abuse and killing of animals, although many animal rights’ activists have analyzed the language used to refer to animals as part of their general campaigning strategy or philosophical/ethical analysis. However, at a theoretical level, I felt that this book was less insightful since research within the general field of antidiscriminatory language (antisexist, antiracist, and so on) is not sufficiently taken on board. Perhaps as a first stage in establishing a new area of research this is inevitable, and it is to Dunayer’s credit that she has set out the basis for such further study. It is through the sheer force of the detail of this study that D’s argument is made, and it is the systematic nature of discriminatory practices against animals which need to be considered rather than individual instances of discriminatory usage. I found myself skeptical at the beginning, particularly since she starts by suggesting that we should not refer to animals and humans as if humans themselves were not animals, but we should refer instead to human and nonhuman animals, thus acknowledging our own animal nature. She also suggests that we refer to animals [End Page 581] as ‘non-human persons’ or ‘persons of other species’. This strategy seemed to me misguided since it smacks of a kind of eco-affiliation with animals, suggesting that we are more like chimpanzees and stick insects than we actually are. It is true that we share a large part of our basic biological and genetic structure with apes and that many animals have a complex system of communication and thought; but it is still the case that animals do not have universities, shopping malls, the internet, transport systems, and that humans have dominated the planet for better or worse. However, taken along with D’s argument about evolution—that generally we see evolution as leading to the human whereas ‘species don’t evolve towards greater humanness but toward greater adaptiveness in their ecological niche’ (13)—I began to see that despite the simplistic overemphasis on similarities between humans and animals, perhaps this could be a productive strategy leading to viewing animals in potentially less exploitative ways. Skeptics, however, I am sure will be put off by such arguments. This book is at its strongest in its analysis of the different environments within which animals are exploited: hunting, zoos and aquariums, farming and vivisection. Once we see animals as a resource we feel justified in treating them as nothing more than a resource. This involves our ignoring their similarities to ourselves and their individual nature and distinctiveness. Thus, classifying cows as ‘farm-animals’ or rats as ‘laboratory-rats’ enables us to view them only as resources and ‘forget’ the long process of domestication from the wild. D’s examination of hunting as sport was particularly insightful for she shows the way in which animals are referred to as ‘stock’ and ‘game’, and terms such as ‘manage’, ‘cull’, or ‘control’ are used as euphemisms for ‘kill’. She draws attention to the way US hunters have stressed the conservation nature of their killing of animals, just as the fox-hunting lobby has in Britain...