Abstract
The role of surface friction in the tropical intraseasonal oscillation, or the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), is investigated by comparing two 4-yr integrations with the Goddard atmospheric general circulation model: one with the original model design with one added feature to enhance the intensity of the MJO and the other is identical but with surface friction in the Tropics replaced by its zonal mean value. This comparison indicates that in the second experiment the MJO not only still exists but also exists with similar intensity. The oft-cited frictional wave-CISK (FWC) interpretation for the origin of the MJO, which emphasizes the role of frictionally induced convergence in the surface layer, is reassessed in light of these experiments. The possibility of the MJO in the second experiment being forced by the middle latitudes is excluded by a third experiment. These experiments do not support one of the central ideas in FWC that surface friction plays an instability-enhancing role.
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