THE ROLE OF STATE ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS: THE CASE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN EU COUNTRIES

Investigating the most Important Advantages, Disadvantages and Obstacles of Public-Private Sector Partnership in Providing Primary Health Care Services from the Viewpoint of Health Managers

Increasing espionage and technology-related crimes such as hacking have made cybersecurity a national priority in government and private sectors. Given the increasing vulnerabilities in cyber security and frequent attacks on personal information and the realization that data protection and management is a shared responsibility, public-private partnerships in cybersecurity have been considered a viable approach to mitigating cybersecurity threats. This study therefore focused on assessing the role of public-private sector partnerships in mitigating cybersecurity threats. The study adopted both primary and secondary data in data collection. 15 key informants, purposively sampled, will be involved in the study, and their findings will be corroborated by the already existing literature that assesses the role of public-private sector partnerships on cybersecurity. The research found that addressing cybersecurity threats is a collective and shared responsibility that requires the partnership of both the private and public sectors. The study established that critical cyber issues, including trust deficits, failure to standardize cyber policies and laws, and privacy concerns, among others, continue to hinder public-private partnerships on cybersecurity. The study also found that public-private partnerships present viable opportunities for information sharing, innovation, and the development of effective regulatory frameworks to limit cyberattacks. The research recommends the development of effective and efficient systems of data sharing, cyber security inter-agencies, and critical infrastructure protection. Other recommendations include conducting periodic joint audits and assessments, joint pooling of resources, joint training and sensitization on cyber security, establishment of a joint effective incident response and emergency management unit, strengthening frameworks and laws on cyber security, and lastly, further research is critical for cyber security.

This book describes the nature of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the health sector in Vietnam. It defines health-related PPPs, describes their key characteristics, and develops a taxonomy of the different types of PPPs that exist in practice, illustrated by international examples. It also assesses the regulatory and institutional framework for the health PPP program in Vietnam, as well as financing and accountability mechanisms for PPPs at its national and subnational levels. It provides an overview of the PPP project pipeline in Vietnam and analyzes important issues in the health PPPs’ design, preparation, and implementation, using eight case studies involving projects in different phases of the project cycle. This book also examines barriers that have hampered the successful design and implementation of health care PPPs in Vietnam. These barriers may be broadly categorized as barriers in the PPP policy and regulatory framework, in the public sector, in the private sector, and in the financial sector. It proposes feasible and actionable recommendations so that the government can consider tackling the identified barriers and advance the successful design and implementation of health PPPs.

PurposeThis paper is anchored in a premise of a universal call to action by all UN member states in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030 within the blueprint of the sustainable development goals (SDGS). The purpose of this study is to mainstream the SDGs in Ghana’s energy sector within the framework of public–private partnerships (PPP): challenges, opportunities and strategies.Design/methodology/approachLiterature review was carried out to explore concepts, theories and frameworks for initiating PPP. Best local and international practices in the implementation of PPP projects; challenges and opportunities in the implementation of PPP projects, strategies for mainstreaming the SDGs in Ghana’s energy sector and assess business action in the implementation of the SDGs in Ghana’s energy sector. The study is situated within the social constructionist philosophical tradition. The qualitative research strategy was adopted as the main methodological choice. Interview guides were used to collect data from respondents in the Accra metropolis.FindingsLack of a PPP policy law in Ghana, conflict of interest in PPP projects, excessive government control over projects, cumbersome licensing and legal regime and economic stability were the most significant challenges identified to PPPs. Technology transfer, efficiency gains and mobilization of additional resources for development on the government side where the opportunities for the private sector. Awareness creation, modeling inclusive business with corporate social responsibility (CSR) and SDGs, exploring business opportunities in SDGs such as carbon trading, aligning national policies with SDGs, establishing sustainability units and partnerships with relevant bodies were proposed for mainstreaming the SDGs in Ghana’s energy sector.Research limitations/implicationsIt was established from this study that indeed PPPs have a major role to play in unleashing all available forces and prospects toward achieving the SDGs. This paper is constrained to the energy industry in Ghana. It provides a theory-based direction on how companies in the energy sector can contribute to social and economic interventions through a framework of PPP framework within the SGDs. Future research may explore how companies in other sectors may contribute to the sustainability discourse.Practical implicationsThis will ultimately lead to additional funding to support government efforts in the implementation of SDGs, honing of sustainable (inclusive) business models, creating an enabling environment for PPPs toward inclusive growth and national development leaving no one behind. It recommended that there should be a national policy and law on PPPs and the private sector should be incentivized to engage government in PPPs implementation for the SDGs. Theoretically, this study contributes to the policy analysis discourse and scaling-up literature on the SDGs.Originality/valueThis study explores the challenges associated with mainstreaming the SGDs in the energy sector from a public–private business perspective. It also offers a new policy, economic and legal regulatory framework that contributes to emerging trends. The outcome of the analyzes advocates for clear business strategies for implementation of the SDG apart from CSR.

This article investigates the pivotal role of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in driving technological development across Europe, highlighting how the collaboration between public institutions and private enterprises serves as a catalyst for innovation and economic growth. By analyzing a range of successful case studies and conducting an extensive review of existing literature, this study identifies the key factors that contribute to the effectiveness of PPPs and their substantial impact on technological advancement. The research reveals that PPPs significantly enhance resource allocation, allowing for more efficient use of financial and human capital. They facilitate risk sharing, which encourages private sector participation in high-risk technological projects that might otherwise lack sufficient funding or support. Moreover, PPPs promote knowledge transfer between the public and private sectors, fostering a culture of innovation and enabling the rapid deployment of new technologies. Different models of PPPs are examined to understand their implementation in various contexts, shedding light on the diverse approaches taken by European countries. The study also addresses the challenges faced in establishing and maintaining PPPs, such as regulatory hurdles, financial constraints, and coordination issues. Strategies for overcoming these barriers are discussed, providing practical insights for enhancing the success of PPPs. The findings underscore the critical importance of a supportive policy environment in nurturing PPPs. Effective regulatory frameworks, financial incentives, and clear governance structures are essential for maximizing the potential of PPPs. The article concludes with strategic recommendations for policymakers, aimed at strengthening PPP frameworks, fostering a conducive environment for sustainable technological innovation, and ensuring that the benefits of technological advancements are equitably distributed across society. By offering a comprehensive understanding of how PPPs drive technological development, this article contributes to the broader discourse on innovation policy and economic development in Europe. It underscores the necessity for continued collaboration between the public and private sectors to address the complex challenges of technological progress and to harness its potential for societal benefit.

The pressing need for affordable housing in both developed and developing countries has prompted governments to explore innovative financing mechanisms, with Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) emerging as a viable solution. This paper examines the frameworks, lessons, and models of PPPs for financing affordable housing, aiming to provide insights into their effectiveness and scalability. PPPs combine the resources, expertise, and efficiencies of both the public and private sectors to address the housing affordability crisis. By leveraging the strengths of each sector, PPPs aim to reduce financial burdens on governments while ensuring the delivery of quality housing solutions. This review outlines the various PPP models, including build-operate-transfer (BOT), design-build-finance-operate (DBFO), and lease-develop-operate (LDO), highlighting their structural differences and application contexts. Key components of successful PPP frameworks include clear regulatory environments, transparent procurement processes, risk-sharing mechanisms, and robust stakeholder engagement. Regulatory frameworks that support PPPs play a critical role in providing legal certainty and fostering investor confidence. Transparent procurement processes ensure fairness and competitiveness, while effective risk-sharing mechanisms distribute financial, construction, and operational risks appropriately between public and private partners. Engaging stakeholders, including communities and civil society, is essential for aligning project objectives with local needs and ensuring social acceptance. Case studies from various regions illustrate the practical application and outcomes of PPP frameworks. In the United Kingdom, the Affordable Homes Programme (AHP) has effectively utilized PPPs to deliver thousands of affordable housing units, demonstrating the benefits of strong regulatory support and private sector participation. Singapore's Housing and Development Board (HDB) employs PPP models to maintain high housing standards while ensuring affordability through extensive government subsidies and private sector involvement. In South Africa, the Social Housing Regulatory Authority (SHRA) leverages PPPs to develop rental housing for low- and moderate-income households, highlighting the importance of government incentives and capacity-building initiatives. The review concludes that PPP frameworks, when effectively designed and implemented, can significantly enhance the availability of affordable housing. Lessons learned from successful models emphasize the need for supportive policies, transparent processes, and inclusive stakeholder engagement. Policymakers and practitioners can draw on these insights to develop tailored PPP approaches that address specific housing challenges and contribute to sustainable urban development. Keywords: Public-Private Partnership: Frameworks, Financing, Affordable Housing, Models.

Background The private for-profit health sector in India delivers around 80% of outpatient treatment and 60% of hospitalisations, and includes more than three quarters of human resources for health. The sector includes solo doctor clinics, small hospitals and big corporate hospital chains, as well as many informal providers. The formal private health sector has grown rapidly without regulatory frameworks and quality assurance. Quality of care is variable and there is lack of adherence to standard treatments, protocols or pricing. Limited information is shared with public health information systems. Aim To develop an engagement strategy with the private for-profit health sector in Uttar Pradesh, India. The broader underlying goal is to develop and pilot a district level Data Informed Platform for Health (DIPH) for improved local health decision-making in maternal and child health including both the public and private health sectors. Methods We reviewed literature, and examined national plans and programme documents to identify lessons from successful public-private engagements for maternal and child health and collate key policies related to the private health sector in India. We sought inputs from 27 national, state and district level stakeholders for developing a strategy to engage with the private sector for a DIPH. Findings In India, public-private partnerships for service delivery and financing represent a key area of engagement with the private sector, especially for maternal and child health. Examples include the Merrygold network, a clinical social franchise, and the Sambhav voucher scheme, in which poor households can exchange vouchers for health services in selected city hospitals in Uttar Pradesh. Engagements related to data recording and reporting from the private health sector have been less successful. There are gaps in reporting even notifiable diseases like Tuberculosis. There is limited data available on the private sector at the national level. Legal provisions can facilitate data exchange and synthesis: a binding legal framework may be available when the Clinical Establishments Act, passed by the Indian Parliament in 2010, is implemented. Proposed engagement strategies Stakeholder consultations suggested that before the Clinical Establishments Act is implemented, the private sector might best be engaged by: 1.Relationship building among key private and public sector stakeholders. 2.Sensitisation of private and public sector groups and individuals with the concept of a DIPH. 3.Inclusion of selected private sector players in the DIPH 4.User-friendly data collection and management. 5.Provision of both financial and non-financial incentives to encourage

To explore the economic costs and sources of financing for different public-private partnership (PPP) arrangements to tuberculosis (TB) provision involving both workplace and non-profit private providers in South Africa. The financing required for the different models from the perspective of the provincial TB programme, provider, and the patient are considered. Two models of TB provider partnerships were evaluated, relative to sole public provision: public-private workplace (PWP) and public-private non-government (PNP). The cost analysis was undertaken from a societal perspective. Costs were collected retrospectively to consider both the financial and economic costs. Patient costs were estimated using a retrospective structured patient interview. Expansion of PPPs could potentially lead to reduced government sector financing requirements for new patients: government financing would require $609-690 per new patient treated in the purely public model, in contrast to PNP sites which would only need to $130-139 per patient and $36-46 with the PWP model. Moreover, there are no patient costs associated with the treatment in the employer-based facilities and the cost to the patient supervised in the community is, on average, three times lower than in public sector facilities. The results suggest that there is a strong economic case for expanding PPP involvement in TB treatment in the process of scaling up. The cost to the government per new patient treated could be reduced by enhanced partnership between the private and public sectors.

This article analyzes the integration between the public sector and private enterprise in the modernization of urban infrastructure in Brazil, focusing on public-private partnerships (PPPs) in sectors such as lighting, mobility, leisure, and digital platforms. The study is justified by the fiscal crisis and the stagnation of public works, highlighting PPPs as a viable alternative to enhance service efficiency and coverage. The methodology is qualitative, based on an integrative literature review and analysis of multiple case studies from 2023 to 2025. The results show that well-structured and monitored partnerships can drive significant advances in urban infrastructure, provided that proper regulation, social participation, and contractual sustainability are ensured. It is concluded that urban modernization requires an articulation between technology, governance, and territorial justice to prevent inequality and ensure equitable access to public spaces.

This article examines the significance of Public Private Partnership (PPP) in emerging economies. The major focus of the paper is the African continent. The article briefly discusses the origin and implementation PPPs in different continents across the globe. A qualitative research paradigm is adopted to analyse public private partnerships in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Qualitative research is exploratory and is frequently used to investigate a subject area in which there is limited information. This method of investigation sheds light on the different PPP projects. A case study strategy adopted in this study was used create understanding of the different process emanating from the implementation of PPPs in Africa continent. A comprehensive understanding of PPP implementation in SSA is essential. PPPs should be considered in sectors where there is a need to improve infrastructure and service delivery. Every government should have legislation in place as well as a regulatory framework on PPPs to facilitate local and foreign investors to implement new projects. The absence of a legal and regulatory framework on PPPs hinders close collaboration between the public and private sector in certain countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Anecdotal evidence from interviews with public officials indicates the need for government to focus on a specific project where it (government) perceives a need for a private company to participate. This article argues that the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) project is an excellent model for governments in SSA where there is a deficit infrastructure, required to provide improved service delivery. Most BOT projects require sizeable financial investment. Most governments prefer to use BOT to construct specific infrastructure such as new electricity power plants, toll roads, prisons, dams and water plants. Experience has revealed that BOT agreements tend to reduce market and credit risk for the private sector because in most instances government is the only customer, thus reducing the risk associated with insufficient demand and the inability to pay.

It has been established that there is still no generally accepted and established definition of public-private partnership in both foreign and domestic literature. In some definitions, the conditional uncertainty of the essence of this concept is deliberately embedded. Thus, the European Investment Bank (EIB) defines a public-private partnership as an agreement between an institution representing public authorities and a private partner, intended for the implementation of public infrastructure projects and public services within the framework of a long-term contract. Since this resolution does not record the nature of such agreements, does not indicate the principles of the relationship between the private and public sectors, then the EIB documents focus, first of all, on the fact that the private sector can receive financial benefits in two ways: payments are made by a state body to a private partner based on the diagnosis of the results of service provision (for example, road availability); the private partner is granted the right to receive revenue from the provision of the service (for example, to introduce and collect tolls for the use of roads). The definitions of the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are similar and emphasize that a public-private partnership is a long-term contract between the public and private sectors in which significant responsibility rests with the private sector in the field of management, as well as the private sector assumes most of the risks in the implementation of this project. The OECD also emphasizes in its definition the fact that the transfer of risk to a private partner largely depends on the effectiveness of such a project, and that the state's goals are aligned with the private sector's profit-maximizing goals. These definitions are quite cumbersome and detailed, but even they have not become universal and able to cover various options and forms of implementation of public-private partnership. The generalization of the existing approaches to the definition of public-private partnership was further developed, with the selection of three main interpretations: broad (implies the inclusion in the content of the concept of public-private partnership, various options for the interaction of the state and the private sector, aimed at solving any tasks in any spheres of social life); narrow interpretation (presupposes that within the framework of a public-private partnership, the state and business are united to implement a specific investment project regarding those objects that belong to the sphere of public interest and control, for example, related to the production and offer of any public good); contractual (related to the dual nature of the concept of public-private partnership, which involves not only its socio-economic essence, but also its legal one. With this interpretation, the public-private partnership is considered as a specific contract, the subject of which is various works on the construction and use of within the framework of this approach, the concept of public-private partnership is filled with various features and essential conditions of this specific contract, and the subject composition of the participants of contractual relations is also determined). Keywords: relations between private and public sectors, public partner, public-private partnership, private partner, project.

Determinants of public-private-partnership performance: the case of Pakistan

Partnerships, of any kind, come with challenges and obstacles that might be a threat to the success of the vision they have. PPPs are faced with a lot of challenges when it comes to infrastructure delivery in South Africa and across the globe. Hence, the study was conducted to determine the challenges faced by Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the South Africa. The data in this paper was obtained from secondary and primary sources. 90 structured questionnaires were distributed to construction stakeholders in the public and private sectors, who were involved in the PPP's projects in South Africa in the Gauteng province. 80 Questionnaires were brought back and were valid for use. The study revealed that: PPPs are inflexible; there is limited trust between public and private sector professionals; lack of sufficient time to implement PPPs; reduced control of public assets; conflict of interest between private and public sector; public acceptability; PPPs are not integrated into sector planning, lack of resources dedicated to fostering PPPs, a policy bias toward traditional public procurement and against PPPs, lack of fiscal imperative to use PPPs and policy on PPP changes with changes in political leadership, etc. The research has revealed that PPPs are lacking at the highest levels of leadership especially at governmental level. Also, PPPs must be favored in general, not in specific circumstances.

Public-private partnership (PPP) is considered one of the effective instruments for collaboration between the government and the private sector in stimulating economic development. PPP can catalyze entrepreneurial growth, foster a favorable business environment, and accelerate infrastructure and socio-economic projects. This research aims to develop theoretical and methodological approaches to ensure public-private entrepreneurial development partnerships. Public-private partnership (PPP) is recognized as a driving force for entrepreneurial development, as it opens new prospects and opportunities for creating a favorable business environment. Ukraine's public-private partnership's entrepreneurial development principles have been formulated. The objectives and tasks of the program for the development of public-private partnerships for entrepreneurial development have been systematized, including goals and studies aimed at supporting and stimulating entrepreneurship through public-private partnerships: creating a favorable investment climate; supporting small and medium enterprises; fostering innovative entrepreneurship; expanding export potential; promoting sectoral collaboration. The main directions for establishing public-private partnerships in Ukraine for entrepreneurial development have been proposed. The following methodological approach is suggested to ensure a successful public-private partnership for entrepreneurial development, which includes the following stages: analysis of needs and goals, development of a strategy for public-private partnership for entrepreneurial development, improvement of the legislative framework, the establishment of communication mechanisms, financial support, creation of a favorable regulatory environment, support for education and training, monitoring and evaluation of joint PPP projects. This methodological approach will help create a conducive platform for public-private partnerships and contribute to entrepreneurial development. Research on the principles, methods, and directions for implementing public-private partnership mechanisms has allowed the construction of an organizational and economic model for its functioning with the aim of entrepreneurial development, enabling effective coordination among enterprises, market institutions, and government bodies for joint entrepreneurial development and the achievement of positive socio-economic results. Recommendations have been developed to ensure public-private partnerships for entrepreneurial development, which will contribute to economic growth. Keywords: public-private partnership, entrepreneurship, socio-economic development, business.

Purpose – The federal government of Nigeria in December 2011 formally adopted Public Private Partnership (PPP) as an alternative housing delivery option for Nigeria. However, evidence from available literature indicates there is the lack of empirical evidence on how the private and public sector can be better motivated to achieve improved results in PPP housing. The research therefore, investigated the Motives and Motivation for partnership between public and private sector in housing provision in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to identify and examine the motivating factors for the partnership of public and private sector operators in housing provision in Nigeria and examine how these factors can be enhanced to achieve better outcome for PPP housing in Nigeria. Methodology – A total of 24 housing PPP experts from both public and private sectors operators directly involved in the selected 8 case studies were selected and interviewed. Findings: The study indicates that derive to provide affordable housing, develop towns and cities, reduce acute housing shortage, eliminating of budget constraint, profit making and faster project completion are the motives and motivating factors for the government in PPP housing in Nigeria while the motivating factors for the private sector includes profit maximisation, large demand market, fast approvals. The study also indicated that to enhance these factors, there is need for a reform of the PPP housing policy to encourage and support private sector participation. Recommendation/Implication: The findings of the study implies that there is need to amend the PPP laws and policy with a view to encouraging and supporting the participation of the private sector in housing provision. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n2p149