Abstract
Mussel losses peak after relaying seed on culture plots. The present paper is an attempt to examine the role of shore crab predation and initial mussel density on mussel losses in mussel bottom culture using an intertidal culture plot as a case study. Because of their small size and loose attachment, mussels are particularly vulnerable to predation at this stage, as well as to handling stress and intraspecific competition. In the experimental field plots (1 × 1 m) in the intertidal Oosterschelde, three different densities (1, 5 and 10 kg m−2) of mussel seed are laid, with half of the experimental plots protected from predation by means of exclosures. Duration of the experiment was 5 weeks (August–September 2012) post-seeding. Protection was the major factor accounting for biomass production, followed by mussel density. Loss rates increased with mussel density, both in the exclosures and in the exposed plots. Losses in the exclosures with the lowest density were still 45 %. There are indications that handling stress prior to the start of the experiment played a major role in these losses. At the higher densities in the exclosures, losses increased to 72.1 % and were not significantly different between 5 and 10 kg m−2. About one-third of the total loss (32.6 %) was attributed to shore crab predation. The number of shore crabs observed on the plots did not differ between treatments. Byssal thread development during the experimental period was followed and was found to be a slow process that was insufficient to protect mussels from crab predation at the sheltered experimental location.
Highlights
The seeding of mussel seed dredged from natural beds or collected from submerged seed mussel collectors (SMCs) in the water column is the most critical step in the mussel bottom culture cycle (Calderwood et al 2014; Capelle et al 2014)
The present paper is an attempt to examine the role of shore crab predation and initial mussel density on mussel losses in mussel bottom culture using an intertidal culture plot as a case study
Because 1 kg m-2 is a low density in common mussel culture practice (Capelle et al 2014), this 45 % is regarded as background mortality that might show losses following handling stress
Summary
The seeding of mussel seed dredged from natural beds or collected from submerged seed mussel collectors (SMCs) in the water column is the most critical step in the mussel bottom culture cycle (Calderwood et al 2014; Capelle et al 2014). Average survival of SMC-seed or seed relayed from wild mussel beds in autumn over the culture cycle is 8 and 15 %, respectively (Capelle et al 2016). A substantial part of the losses is associated with seeding (Theisen 1968; Capelle et al 2014, 2016). Losses on culture plots associated with or following seeding are clearly density dependent (Gascoigne et al 2005; Capelle et al 2014, 2016). Seeding practice in bottom culture leads to a highly heterogeneous distribution of mussels on culture plots, with high mussel densities within the space occupied by mussels (Capelle et al 2014). Mussels are gregarious organisms and aggregate in patches, thereby competing for food and space (Frechette and Bourget 1985; Liu et al 2012)
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