Abstract
Shell artifacts from major Mesopotamian sites of the 4th and 3rd millennia B.C. are critically reexamined in terms of their role in Mesopotamian contexts and their value as indicators of external trade/exchange contacts. Different shell species used in the manufacture of specific objects are identified along with their possible source areas. The Gulf of Oman and the Indus coast can be identified as source areas on the basis of certain indicator species. The importance of shell as a trade commodity is discussed in terms of Mesopotamian maritime trade with Oman and the Indus Valley Civilization.
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