The Role of Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PERNAS) In Promoting Malay Participation In Business and Equity Ownership, 1969–1990

Entrepreneurial resilience is crucial for the sustainability of small businesses in the dynamic and challenging environment of Lagos State. This study investigates the impact of business duration, business size, academic qualifications, and women’s participation in business on the resilience and adaptability of small business owners. The sample comprised 422 small business owners selected from five major markets in Lagos State: Bariga Market, Oyingbo Market, Computer Village, Ikotun Market, and Igando Market, using a stratified random sampling technique to ensure diverse representation across various business sectors. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using regression analysis. The results indicate a strong positive relationship between business duration and resilience, explaining 47.6% of the variance (R² = 0.476, p < 0.001), suggesting that longer operational history significantly enhances resilience through accumulated experience and strategic coping mechanisms. A moderate positive relationship was found between business size and resilience, accounting for 32.1% of the variance (R² = 0.321, p = 0.036), implying that larger businesses with more employees are better equipped to handle challenges due to greater resource capacity. Additionally, academic qualifications were found to be a significant predictor of adaptability, explaining 41.7% of the variance (R² = 0.417, p = 0.031), indicating that higher educational attainment improves business owners’ ability to adapt to environmental changes. Women’s participation in business also showed a positive influence on resilience, accounting for 26.9% of the variance (R² = 0.269, p < 0.001), highlighting the role of gender diversity in fostering resilience. These findings underscore the importance of experience, business size, education, and gender diversity in building resilience and adaptability among small business owners in Lagos State. ...

Modeling the technology transfer process in the petroleum industry: Evidence from Libya

How do CEOs matter? The moderating effects of CEO compensation and tenure on equity ownership in international joint ventures

In general, in various companies, workers are rarely considered company assets, so that in various company developments, the role of workers is not an important thing to consider. However, along with the times, workers are then considered as company assets and have even begun to develop in various companies that include workers in share ownership of the company concerned and by participating in company share ownership (ESOP: Employee Stock Ownership Program), thus workers feel become part of the company. Article 43 Paragraph (3) letter a Law no. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies (“UUPT”) basically states that companies can offer shares to their own employees. However, basically there is no obligation for companies to include their workers in the ownership of company shares according to the Company Law. The problems in share ownership in companies for workers are (1) What are the legal problematic dilemmas regarding workers' participation in share ownership in companies in Indonesia? (2) What is the normative regulation of workers' share ownership in a company if it is to be regulated in sources of employment law, both autonomous and heteronomous? . In general, it can be concluded that there are still many obstacles in terms of workers wanting to be included in company ownership because according to laws and regulations participation in company share ownership is not a mandatory thing for companies to do, but must be an initiative of workers' associations and/or unions. Apart from that, there is also the problem of how to regulate normatively related to share ownership in the company for workers so that workers have a legal basis to own shares in the company.

The paper examines the relationship between share ownership by boards of British stock exchange listed companies and accrual based earnings management. It provides the first empirical evidence that the relationship is impacted by UK Company Law and the institutional governance framework.We specifically model nonlinear relationships between the equity stakes owned by executive directors and discretionary accruals to account for managerial alignment-incentive and entrenchment at different levels of share ownership. To explain the nonlinear relationship, we discuss the UK institutional governance framework and highlight key regulatory thresholds. Piecewise linear regressions test the impact of these key regulatory thresholds on the earnings management-ownership relationship. We find that share ownership by executive directors has a significant impact on the level of discretionary accruals. The relationship is negative when the equity stakes of executive directors are below the 5% threshold of the ABI dilution limit and sections 376-378 of Companies Act 1985. Earnings management increases above 5% and below 10% of share ownership by executives. Once the 10% equity threshold of section 209 of Companies Act 1948 is reached, executive share ownership effectively mitigates accrual based earnings management. We find no evidence that equity ownership by non-executive directors mitigates earnings management practice of British companies.

Malaysia’s New Economic Policy (NEP) was announced in 1970 as part of a package of measures introduced after the political crisis of May 1969. It sought to ‘eradicate poverty’ and ‘restructure society to eliminate the identification of race with economic function’ in order to create the conditions for national unity. Since then, poverty in Malaysia has gone down tremendously as in neighbouring Thailand and Indonesia, which did not have comparable commitments to poverty reduction, but also experienced rapid economic growth and structural transformation. Not surprisingly, the NEP has been principally associated with ‘restructuring’, i.e. efforts to reduce inter-ethnic economic disparities between Bumiputera indigenes and the non-Bumiputera, especially between ethnic Malays and Chinese. Hence, ‘restructuring’ has come to be associated with ‘positive discrimination’ or ‘affirmative action’ on behalf of the mainly Malay Bumiputeras. Such state interventions have resulted in significantly greater Bumiputera wealth ownership, business participation, education opportunities, public sector employment and promotion, as well as representation among professionals and managers/administrators.

This study investigates three important issues in a family business: (1) Whether there is a significant difference, relative to their goals and attitudes, between owners of businesses with family participation and owners of businesses without family participation; (2) whether owners of businesses with family participation perceive higher levels of business-family conflict than owners of businesses without family participation; and (3) whether owners of businesses with family participation view business-family conflict as a significant impediment to their business performance. We conducted a survey of 231 small business owners in midsize cities in the northeastern and midwestern United States. Of the total sample, 118 are businesses in which two or more family members are employed. This study examines both the reported conflict and the positives of family-member involvement. The findings indicate that there is no overall difference in business-related goals between the two groups, but that owners of businesses with family participation do experience significantly more business-family conflict. The study also concludes that this conflict is generally well managed and does not interfere with business objectives. In fact, the authors conclude that owners of businesses with family participation see the involvement of family members as a positive. Managerial implications and research suggestions are also discussed.

This research uses signaling theory as an overarching framework to contribute to the question of whether foreign multinational companies (MNCs) enjoy an advantage when pursuing recruiting in local labor markets that show discriminatory practices towards one group of job seekers. While recent research in the field of international management found that foreign MNCs often leverage their otherness by attracting disadvantaged labor market populations, the details of the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. My research addresses this gap by distinguishing between the effect of signals about a company’s foreignness and signals about its support for diversity and inclusion of women on corporate attractiveness. The experimental data for this research was collected by means of manipulated job advertisement vignettes that were distributed to 1,000 university students in South Korea. The results suggest that foreign companies are generally perceived as more attractive than local companies. However, local companies can offset their initial disadvantage vis-à-vis foreign firms if they invest in measures of diversity and inclusion – at least among the female population. The findings call for a more nuanced view of the debate about the liabilities of foreignness and the role of gender. At the same time it alerts to the competitive possibilities for managers of local and foreign companies who are looking to assemble a high quality workforce.

India is one of the faster growing emerging economies in the world. For this many industries are contributing that may be Indian or foreign origin company. By observing the statistics, 49.86 % of contribution by MSMEs towards nation export and the remaining by large companies only. MNCs (multinational corporations) are also contributing to the growth of the country by generating employment, the inflow of FDI, transfer of technology etc. The orientations of international business connotatively deal with ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric, and regiocentric approaches. The MNCs and their profit-making objective always influenced by entry strategies with the time of entry, size of the entry, and place of entry into the foreign market. It also influenced by way of entry into the foreign market by concentrating on FDI with green field and brown field strategies. Here the present paper addresses the multinational corporations in India and their contribution to the economic development of India and attempts to address characterization of MNCs with employment argument and growth prospects of economic variables significantly influenced on different sectors growth in India. The present study attempts to analyze the relationship between foreign companies’ mode of entry with FDI and economic variables by using Karl Pearson coefficient correlation.

Background: A Partnership is one of the strategies for accelerating responses of Covid-19, especially in understanding the decisions made by the government and the various reactions of the community regarding the Covid-19 pandemic. Objective: This study aims to explore partnership efforts pentahelix involving the government, academia, community, business sectors, and the media in handling Covid-19. Methods: The qualitative study was carried out through in-depth interviews with 18 participants consisting of government, media, academics, and community elements. The participants were members of the Covid-19 Handling Task Force (Covid-19 Task Force) and people who were directly involved in handling Covid-19 in Makassar. The content analysis was performed using the collected data. The themes that emerge from the data are the pentahelix partnership with the government, community groups, academics, business sectors, and mass media. The data were collected from December 2022 to March 2023. Results: The pentahelix partnership involves 5 parties: government, community, academics, business sectors, and the media. The partnership is accomplished through coordination, collaboration, participation, and mutual assistance. This partnership is established in the implementation of government policies in handling Covid-19 with the formation of Task Forces where the community participates in its implementation. Coordination between the government and academics regarding ways to resolve the Covid-19 case; collaboration with business sectors in providing facilities and infrastructure for handling Covid-19 activities as well as with the media that assist in disseminating information, public education, and news related to the incident of Covid-19 was adopted to implement the health policies during this pandemic. Conclusion: handling covid-19 with pentahelix partnerships was carried out through coordination, collaboration, participation, and mutual assistance of all parties. The partnership process is a strategy for implementing health programs related to the handling of Covid-19 which are regulated by the government.

This study built on a sample of 384 small businesses located in the central area of Jordan. We perform an analysis of the influence of entrepreneurial networks on small business performance. The purpose of this study was to test and demonstrate empirically the role of government as a moderating variable in the relationship between entrepreneurial networks and small business owners’ performance. The population of this study is small business owners who have participated in ERADA program of as much as 4906 small business. These results indicate that entrepreneurial networks have a significant effect on the performance of the small business owners. It provides an empirical explanation that entrepreneurial networks and government intervention can contribute to the improvement of small business owners’ performance while the government's role is not proven moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial networks and small business owners’ performance. The significant positive effects of entrepreneurial networks suggest that this variable is important in enhancing small business owners’ performance. As such, small business owners should be inculcated with these entrepreneurial networks. In addition, government intervention should take into consideration of entrepreneurial networking when designing and conducting any entrepreneurship program.

This multiple comparative case study examined the perceptions of U.S. women and minority business owners regarding government innovation support programs, addressing a literature gap on these programs' effectiveness and accessibility for underrepresented groups. The research focused on whether these business owners viewed government initiatives as beneficial for fostering innovation. Research questions explored the experiences and challenges these business owners faced with these programs. Data collection included three open-ended interviews with a program director who provides small business government support, and two business owners: one who received government support and one who did not. Additionally, document reviews and a research questionnaire (N = 100) were also used to gather comprehensive data for triangulation. Findings revealed that while many respondents saw potential benefits in government support programs, significant barriers existed concerning business owner awareness, access, and perceived relevance. These barriers were noted by both the questionnaire and interviewed participants. The study suggested the need for more targeted outreach and tailored support mechanisms to improve the effectiveness of innovation support programs for women and minority business owners. These insights could help develop a more inclusive and impactful policy framework, creating equitable support mechanisms for these groups. Future research should extend this study across diverse geographical and demographic landscapes, exploring regional economic conditions and cultural differences and comparing impacts on nonminority business owners. Doing so would deepen the understanding of the unique advantages and barriers faced by women and minority business owners. Keywords: Innovation, U.S. Government Support, Women Entrepreneurs, Minority Business Owners, Accessibility, Barriers to Entry, Inclusivity, Policy Development, Equity.

The redistributive approach of the New Economic Policy in Malaysia has influenced the manufacturing structure of the country. On the one hand, the government used heavy industry and large enterprises to accelerate the advance of the Malays in modern com merce and industry, the predominantly Chinese-owned small and medium scale industry made little progress, and consequently missed gaining a share in international markets for lack of political support. Conversely, multinational capital, focused on electronics, has been used to boost national growth and offset the mostly unlucrative public enterprises. Since 1986, however, the Malaysian Government has taken some measures to gradually readjust the distortions. This article studies how state-owned heavy industry, local small industry and the technologically superior multinational capital interact to give rise to Malaysia's present industrial structure. Since 1970, Malaysia's industrial structure has evolved under the impact of the New Eco nomic Policy (NEP) and international capital movements. Less constrained by the New Eco nomic Policy are the multinational corpora tions, chiefly export-oriented, that have surged at times and have currently reached another 'peak' in the country. This article,* therefore, examines the interactions of industrial de velopment, the New Economic Policy and the international division of labour in the Malay sian context. Derived conceptually from a socially justifiable 'growth with equity'

PurposeThis study aims to investigate how upper echelon theory accounts for franchising by selecting the top management team to proxy for the upper echelon and using age, tenure, education, equity ownership and stock options as its main attributes.Design/methodology/approachThe sample was drawn from the Execucomp and Compustat databases and from other publicly accessible resources (e.g. LinkedIn and Business Week, in addition to Annual 10-K reports). A total of 29 restaurant companies were used for data collection, which covered the period of 2000-2013. A panel feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) regression was used to analyze the data.FindingsThe study found a significant moderating effect of the degree of internationalization on the relation between the attributes of the upper echelon (e.g. tenure, education and share ownership) and franchising decisions.Research limitations/implicationsThe results verified that top managers in the restaurant industry with more tenure and share ownership become more risk averse when they operate under riskier conditions, whereas highly educated restaurant top management teams tend to take more risks in strategic decision-making.Originality/valueThis study expanded internationalization research to upper echelon theory and into the arena of franchising.

With the comprehensive and in-depth development of reform and opening up in the last century, as well as since China's accession to the WTO in 2001, foreign multinational companies have aimed at China, accelerated the pace of entering our market. A large number of mergers and acquisitions of Chinese enterprises have penetrated into many industrial fields in China. International mergers and acquisitions have become one of the important ways for multinational companies to enter our market, and many enterprises in China have encountered or will encounter mergers and acquisitions by multinational companies. Due to the lack of specific and detailed laws and regulations in China, the lack of a systematic regulatory mechanism for foreign companies merging with Chinese companies, and the significant differences and gamesmanship between Chinese and foreign merger and acquisition laws, local Chinese companies are exposed to huge risks in the process of being merged by foreign companies. This paper uses legal analysis to explore the legal risks faced by Chinese enterprises in international M&A. It proposes ways to deal with the risks by improving M&A laws and anti-monopoly laws, creating a national brand protection system and actively implementing anti-malicious takeover measures.