Abstract
Good sleep and mood are important for health and for keeping active. Numerous studies have suggested that the incidence of insomnia and depressive disorder are linked to biological rhythms, immune function, and nutrient metabolism, but the exact mechanism is not yet clear. There is considerable evidence showing that the gut microbiome not only affects the digestive, metabolic, and immune functions of the host but also regulates host sleep and mental states through the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Preliminary evidence indicates that microorganisms and circadian genes can interact with each other. The characteristics of the gastrointestinal microbiome and metabolism are related to the host's sleep and circadian rhythm. Moreover, emotion and physiological stress can also affect the composition of the gut microorganisms. The gut microbiome and inflammation may be linked to sleep loss, circadian misalignment, affective disorders, and metabolic disease. In this review article, we discuss various functions of the gut microbiome and how its activities interact with the circadian rhythms and emotions of the host. Exploring the effects of the gut microbiome on insomnia and depression will help further our understanding of the pathogenesis of mental disorders. It is therefore important to regulate and maintain a normal gastrointestinal micro-ecological environment in patients when treating mental disorders.
Highlights
In recent years, the role of the brain-gut axis in neuropsychiatric disorders has received increasing attention
This review summarizes the role of the microbiome in sleep and mental disease, focusing on the interaction of the microbiome with circadian rhythms and sleep problems
Interfering with the sleep patterns of mice can change the structure and diversity of the intestinal microbiota [32]. These findings suggest that circadian genes might affect the intestinal microbiota
Summary
The role of the brain-gut axis in neuropsychiatric disorders has received increasing attention. In the study of Liang et al [31], the fecal microbiota of clock gene Bmall knockout mice showed significant changes in the rhythmicity of total load and taxonomic abundance These results suggest that some host clock genes such as Bmall, Per, and Per are closely related to changes in intestinal microbiological rhythms. Preclinical studies have suggested that the clock genes are associated with sleep rhythm disturbances in patients with affective disorders. For example, usually experience short sleep times and disturbed circadian rhythms These issues may cause a series of physiological stress reactions that alter the gut microbiota composition. Melatonin might alleviate weaning stress in mice by regulating the intestinal microbiota [68,69,70,71,72]
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