Abstract
<p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a focal injury with limited reliable treatment options. Despite the large volume of basic research into TBI (particularly on the complex pathophysiology and on the application of various techniques), the treatment of TBI currently remains a challenge due to the low efficacy of available therapeutic options. Recent studies have shown that stem cells possess the ability to aid in recovery from the damaging effects of the craniocerebral injury. Herein, we attempted to present a generalized critique for the role of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in TBI, its underlying mechanisms, and the scope for improvements in TBI treatment identified through preclinical studies, clinical studies, and other research in the light of previously reported literature. Finally, we summarized some novel strategies to overcome the clinical challenges in TBI recovery. Collectively, the major objective of this review is to highlight the to-date available findings regarding role of stem cell therapy in TBI and pave the way for the development of safe and efficient regenerative treatment modalities for TBI by comprehensive understanding the specific mechanism.</p>
Highlights
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is categorized on the basis of clinical severity and is primarily assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).[9,10]
A GCS score of 13-15 is assigned to mild TBI, while 9-12 of GCS score has been attributed to the moderate TBI, and a GCS notch of ≤8 indicates the severe TBI, respectively.[10,11]
Collectively, this review suggests that several factors, i.e., scarce understanding about the route of cell delivery, lack of understanding about after effects and potential complications, obscure ethical concern due to lack of clinical data, as the major hurdle in clinical application of regenerative medicine for TBI
Summary
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external mechanical force[1] causing either temporary damage or permanent dysfunctions and results in severe cognitive, physical, and emotional disorders.[2,3] The recent decade has seen a dire increase in the rate of TBI4 and which make it the third leading cause of death worldwide.[5,6] despite being a major cause of death and disability throughout the world[7,8], to date, available treatments are only designed to combat the symptoms of primary injury to prevent the further progression of damage.[8]TBI is categorized on the basis of clinical severity and is primarily assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).[9,10] According to this classification, a GCS score of 13-15 is assigned to mild TBI, while 9-12 of GCS score has been attributed to the moderate TBI, and a GCS notch of ≤8 indicates the severe TBI, respectively.[10,11] Besides GCS, various imaging modalities are used to evaluate the severity of structural damage in the brain caused by TBI.
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