Abstract
Multispecies bio-economic models are useful tools to give insights into ecosystem thinking and ecosystem-based management. This paper developed an age-structured multispecies bio-economic model that includes the food web relations of the grey seal, salmon, and herring, along with salmon and herring fisheries in the Baltic Sea. The results show that the increasing seal population influences salmon fisheries and stock, but the impacts on the harvest are stronger than on the stock if the targeted management policies are obeyed. If seal population growth and a low herring stock occur simultaneously, the salmon harvest could face a serious threat. In addition, scenarios of the multispecies management approach in this paper reveal a benefit that our model can evaluate the performance of different fisheries with identical or different management strategies simultaneously. The results show the most profitable scenario is that both fisheries pursuit aggregated profits and reveal a trade-off between herring fisheries and salmon fisheries. Our model indicates that the herring harvest level and the approaches to managing herring fisheries can influence the performance of salmon fisheries. The study also demonstrates a way to develop a multispecies bio-economic model that includes both migratory fish and mammalian predators.
Highlights
This paper has not been submitted elsewhere in identical or similar form, nor will it be during the first three months after its submission to the Publisher
Within the ecological system, food webs are considered in Ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM) or ecosystem-based management (EBM) (Link 2002; Marasco et al 2007; Pikitch et al 2004), as ecosystem resilience and fishery productivities depend on food web process and structures that can be changed by fisheries and other human activities (Andersen et al 2015; Francis et al 2007; Marasco et al 2007)
Before analyzing how salmon fisheries and stocks are influenced by the population levels of predators and prey, we first compare the results between our multispecies model and the single species model from Holma et al (2018), which used the model updated from Holma et al (2014)
Summary
This paper has not been submitted elsewhere in identical or similar form, nor will it be during the first three months after its submission to the Publisher. On the European level, EBM has been adopted by the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as the approach through which marine waters can achieve “good environmental status” (European Union 2008) Both EBFM and EBM are holistic approaches that involve the interactions among physical, biogeochemical, ecological and social-economic systems (Long et al 2015; Marasco et al 2007; Patrick and Link 2015). For the Baltic Sea regions, the age-structured multispecies bio-economic models were mainly developed for the food web relations among cod (Gadus morhua), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), and herring (Clupea harengus) (Bastardie et al 2012; Hutniczak 2015; Nieminen et al 2012; Voss et al 2014a, b; Yun et al 2017). The important migratory fish, salmon (Salmo salar), in the Baltic Sea have not been involved in those multispecies bio-economic models or multispecies management advice
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