THE ROLE OF FEMALE DOCTORS IN THE UNDERGROUND MOVEMENT OF CRIMEA IN 1941–1944 (ON THE EXAMPLE OF KOREIZ AND SAKI)

Introduction. The article examines the activities of the Yevpatoria underground organization during the Great Patriotic War. In Russian historiography, the underground of the Crimea, especially the city of Yevpatoria, remains a little-studied topic so far. Materials and Methods. The article, based on previously unpublished sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea (GARK), the archive of Sevastopol (AGS), the archive of Yevpatoria (MBU AGE), the Yevpatoria Museum of Local Lore (MBU ECM), debunks the myth of the insignificant contribution of the Yevpatorian patriots to the defeat of the German-Romanian occupiers of Crimea. The research was carried out on the basis of general scientific and special scientific methods. Using the comparative historical method, the author examines the establishment and activities of the Yevpatoria underground organization in 1942–1944 in the context of the key events of the Great Patriotic War. The methods of systemic and diachronic analysis make it possible to identify patterns and features of the activities of underground workers in Yevpatoria. The static method helps to investigate the size and composition of the Yevpatoria underground organization, to assess the damage it caused to the occupiers. The biographies of the leaders of the Yevpatoria underground are reconstructed using the biographical method: F. A. Pavlov, Ya. Tsypkin, M. D. Glushko, etc. The comparative method makes it possible to identify common and distinctive features in the strategy and tactics of the Yevpatorian underground fighters and the Crimean partisans. Analysis. The article examines the reasons for the creation of the Yevpatoria underground organization, analyzes its composition, forms and methods of anti-fascist struggle. Based on a wide range of documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the author not only shows the selfless feat and assistance of the Yevpatoria underground workers of the Red Army in liberating the city from invaders, but also notes mistakes and miscalculations in the actions of the underground patriotic organization. Results. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion is drawn about militant activity of the Yevpatoria underground organization in 1942-1944. The role of F. A. Pavlov and the Crimean Regional Committee of the CPSU (b) in the creation and activities of this organization was analyzed, its structure was studied, which included eight groups, among which the divisions of F. A. Pavlov, E. P. Rusina and A. S. Chepurny stood out. The errors and miscalculations made by F. A. Pavlov, the coordinator of the Yevpatoria underground, are outlined, the contribution of the underground sabotage group “Explosion”, which together with the A. S. Chepurny division set a course for an anti-fascist uprising in Yevpatoria, is considered. The contacts of underground activists with the command of the 4th Ukrainian Front, the preparation and organization of the uprising on April 11-13, 1944 are analyzed.

The paper deals with one of the little-studied issues in the history of the resistance movement during the Great Patriotic War, namely, the participation of Soviet prisoners of war in the anti-fascist struggle in the ranks of the Communist underground organization in occupied Sevastopol in 1943–1944. The purpose of this article was to study the formation and structure of the aforementioned organization, as well as the involvement in the antifascist struggle of Soviet prisoners of war, and to identify the effect of their activities on the general course of the anti-Hitler struggle in occupied Crimea. The objects of the research are the underground group headed by Nikolai Ignatyevich Tereshchenko (pseudonym Mikhailov), which was part of the Communist underground organization, and the places where it carried out its anti-fascist operations: camps for Soviet prisoners of war around Sevastopol and in the city itself, especially after Tereshchenko’s escape from German captivity. The study was performed within the framework of the large-scale All-Russian educational project “Without Statute of Limitations” aimed at preserving historical memory. Along with providing insights into the tragedy of the civilian population of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, the paper highlights the heroic deeds of the anti-fascist resistance movement in the temporarily occupied territory of the Soviet Union and demonstrates the contribution of individuals and groups to the defeat of Nazi Germany and its satellites. The author used documents that were declassified in the course of this project by the Federal Security Service Office for the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol and transferred to the Sevastopol Archives. The analysis revealed a significant feature of the Sevastopol underground: prisoners of war were one of the most important components of the Communist underground organization, performing risky and dangerous tasks deep behind enemy lines. According to the plan, in the event of a Black Sea Fleet landing, it was the prisoners of war who were supposed to be the striking force and spark an armed uprising in the occupied city. Consequently, it is concluded that Soviet prisoners of war were one of the combat weapons teams of the Sevastopol underground movement, which carried out various operations: reconnaissance, agitation and propaganda, as well as sabotage and subversion deep behind enemy lines.

The purpose of the article is to study the activities of Colonel I. G. Starinov and his interaction with state secu-rity bodies aimed at forming a strategy and tactics of sabotage work. It is stressed that his methods of work became a benchmark for carrying out special actions to destroy the critical infrastructure of the enemy and elimi-nate the leaders of enemy military and administrative structures. A wide range of historical research methods, such as comparative and historical methods, comparative meth-ods and others are used. Starinov' s activity is consid-ered as a reflection of the epoch in the military history of Russia. During his life, Starinov was called «the genius of the explosion», «the god of sabotage», «the grandfather of the Russian special forces». Being on duty, at various stages of his career, I. G. Starinov was in close coopera-tion with the security bodies: the OGPU, the NKVD, the MGB and the KGB. This cooperation took place during his work on the training of sabotage personnel in the 1930s in the Ukrainian Military District, and during his business trip to Spain. During the Great Patriotic War, I. G. Starinov, together with NKVD officers, trained CHEKA officers for sabotage and partisan work. In the postwar period I. G. Starinov worked again with KGB officers on a teaching job. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that the activity of I. G. Starinov became the basis for the formation of special services in Soviet Russia. The au-thors emphasize that Starinov’ s methods of work in the field of sabotage are so perfect that they are of great importance to the present day, and are still in practical use by modern state security bodies and the Armed Forces of Russia.

The purpose of the study is related to the definition of the peculiarities of functioning of state statistical agencies in the USSR during the period 1930-1950-th. At that time in the USSR the planned system was established in the economy. At the turn of 1920-1930-th there began the implementation of collectivization in agriculture. Then the process of industrialization began in the sphere of industry. Bodies of state statistics at that time were reorganized. In the early 1930s, the statistical authorities came under the department of Gosplan of the USSR and became a part of the system of planned economy. As a result of the use of archival data, the features of the functioning of state statistical bodies in the USSR in the conditions of a planned economy during the 1930s and 1950s were determined. Statistical agencies, regardless of the reorganized names, performed an important function of providing the government of the USSR with the necessary data on the state of the population and economy. In this regard, it is important to determine the results of the work of statistical agencies in the context of major transformations in the USSR, during the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war period. During the preparation of the materials of the article, the historical and genetic method was used in determining the object and subject of the study. The source method was used to work with the basis of available sources and literature on the topic of the study. The historical-comparative method was used in carrying out the comparative functionality of statistical bodies in previous eras. When working with Internet resources and online databases of sources, methods of historical informatics were applied. The conducted research allowed to reveal how the process of change in the organization of the work of statistical agencies in the conditions of the formation of a new economic system in the USSR took place. It was noted that in the period specified in the article the interaction of statistical authorities and Gosplan of the USSR was important. Such interaction had a negative impact on the quality of realization of some statistical activities. However, statistical bodies fulfilled their mission in the conditions of planning the development of economy of the USSR. On the basis of the research it is possible in the future to work on the peculiarities of functioning of statistical bodies in the era of the first five-year plan. It is possible in the future to carry out work on definition of functions and results of job of statistical bodies in the period of restoration of the destroyed economy of the USSR after the Great Patriotic War. As a result of the research it was determined that the functions and organization of the work of state statistics in the USSR in the period of 1930-1950th were formed in the conditions of command-planned economy. The statistical bodies were entrusted with the functions of providing the necessary data to the government for the implementation of major projects - collectivization and industrialization. Belonging of statistics to the Gosplan of the USSR had a negative impact on the quality of some statistical works. However, in general statisticians fulfilled the job entrusted to them in the period specified in the article.

The article is based on the materials identified in seven collections of archives of Tyumen Oblast, the use of a number of published documents, the memoirs of the prospector Aleksandr Pobozhiy. The aim of the work is to show the extremely important significance of the Transpolar Railway in various areas of territory development. In connection with this aim, the main research attention is focused on the influence of the railway, which had different names in different periods of time (Vorkuta-Salekhard, Polar Railway, Chum-Salekhard-Igarka), on the economic development of the region. The influence was manifested both during the construction period and after its completion. The author used historical genetic and historical comparative research methods. The historical genetic method was used for the analysis of the causes of the phenomena that developed during the construction period, including the reasons for the termination of the railway's construction. The historical comparative method was used for the general analysis of the processes that developed in the north of Tyumen Oblast. These processes were considered in the context of the territory's economic development. The phenomena in the Arctic zones of the region in the conditions of modern and previous stages of development were compared. The author's main conclusions are the following. The Transpolar Railway entailed a large-scale scientific study of the vast territory of Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug, caused the development of railway, aviation, sea, river transport and transport communications with the center of the country; influenced the growth of the population and its qualitative characteristics. The built telephone and telegraph line provided stable communication with different regions of the country. Regarding the reasons for the termination of the construction of the road, the author came to the conclusion that they were related to the geological features of the section connecting the right and left wings of the railway - the Nadym-Pur-Taz interfluve. The features of this site led to the need for construction conservation. Due to the peculiar political processes in the country (the consequences of Stalin's death, Beria's execution, the liquidation of the GULAG system), the construction was transferred from the conservation stage to the completion stage. The launched study of the features of the territory of the Nadym-Pur-Taz interfluve prepared the main result of the design and survey work on the railway, which consisted in the transition to its geological study. The author also came to the conclusion that, without making it public, the road was used in the geological, gas, transport, urban development of the territory of Yamalo-Nenets Okrug.

A lot of arguments support the view that the so-called Republic of Kosovo represents a model of a state that is based on violence, injustice, imposition and the absence of any idea of compromise. The national arrogance and aggressive ideas of Greater Albania, as well as the megalomaniac, violent and undemocratic character of the actions of the interim authorities in Prishtina, represent a real danger for further dissolution of the Balkans, which is why this area is perceived as an area of unfinished conflicts. From the point of view of accomplishing national interests, Kosovo and Metohija represents the greatest security challenge for the Republic of Serbia. The danger of further collapsing and diminishing the Serbian ethnic space, especially of changing the original Serbian character of the southern Serbian province and threatening the identity heritage of the Serbian nation represent particularly dangerous trends in the conflictual character of relations between Serbs and Albanians. The importance of Kosovo and Metohija and the severity and complexity of the problem that the southern Serbian province faces emphasize the necessity of defining a long-term strategy for its solution. With its content, it has to be a clear expression of conceptual readiness for solving the complex Kosovo-Metohija problem. At the basis of such a strategy, which is the starting hypothesis of this paper, is the necessity of redefining the relationship between the Serbian and Albanian nation and stopping the inertia of centuries-old mistrust and animosity between them. The stated position, which has a strategic character, is the cornerstone of the security stabilization and reintegration of Kosovo and Metohija. The main methodological procedures of the research process in this paper are comparative historical method and the method of document content analysisthe case study method, comparative analysis method and historical method.

The article examines the main directions of improving the methodology of comparative history of law in the context of comparative legal science. It is proved that the comparative historical approach includes a basic comparative historical method, and taking about the principles of interdisciplinary, it can integrate the methodological capabilities of those tools that are used in other areas of scientific knowledge. It is found that the comparative historical method integrates the existing ways, methods and techniques of comparative knowledge of all forms of reflection of historical and legal reality. It is revealed that the use of a comparative historical approach and method in the area of comparative history of law allows us to learn the general, special and unique in the historical and legal development of diverse manifestations and forms of reflection of historical and legal reality in relation to various "non-legal" phenomena. It is proved that such knowledge is based on the integration of subject knowledge and the plurality of their understanding. It is found that the comparative-historical approach can attract the possibilities of methodological approaches used in the Humanities and social Sciences and adapted to the knowledge of legal reality (anthropological, humanistic, civilization). In the comparative history of law area, they «aim» at the scientific study of historical and legal reality, and the comparative-historical approach integrates the acquired knowledge for the purpose of comparative research of the historical and legal development of its manifestations and forms of reflection. It is established that the comparative-historical approach not only integrates this knowledge, but also "processes" it in the comparative perspective of knowledge. It is proved that it becomes possible to receive and accumulate substantive knowledge about the historical dynamics of human and civil rights and freedoms, the legal status of various sectors of the population in any spatial geographical scope with the variety of their forms reflect, subject to the identification of common and different", "equal and opposite"; it becomes possible to clarify the common and different», «equal and opposite to the historical development of "human right" in different societies. It is proved that the comparative historical approach based on the recognition of the equivalence of the "legal values" of all civilizations and the fact that any civilization can not be considered as an ideal model, searches for and integrates the common and different", "identical and opposite", "common and different", "confrontational-dangerous", "sensational, explosive", that caused in history the non-perception and rejection of the "legal values" of other civilizations. Key words: legal science, comparative history of law, methodology, comparative historical approach, historical-legal reality.

A considerable number of publications have been dedicated to the heroism of children and adolescents during the Great Patriotic War. However, Soviet historiography offered a simplified interpretation of the young heroes’ motivations, reducing them to patriotism. Contemporary researchers sometimes run to other extremes: some feats are entirely denied due to the lack of reliable sources or are explained by mental and social anomalies. The purpose of the article is to provide a clear understanding of the motivations behind the exploits of young heroes in the South of the RSFSR, as well as the nuances of their representation in narratives and memorial practices. This issue has not yet been taken into consideration within the specified geographical framework. The study is primarily based on the recollections of participants and eyewitnesses of the events. These recollections include those recorded directly by the author of the article, as well as those published in special collections, archival documents, periodicals, and works of art. In addition to conventional source study, comparative historical, and problem-chronological methods, case study is employed. This approach makes it possible to analyse the most prevalent narratives and, consequently, identify the primary motivations behind the actions of underage war participants. The author suggests expanding the framework of the concept of an exploit in relation to children and adolescents: the participation of minors in the Great Patriotic War as such, even if they were not awarded, is considered a feat. In the narratives recorded during Soviet times, patriotic motives dominated. The same situation characterised Soviet fiction. Recent decades have seen a greater variety of motives for the exploits of young heroes in the South of the RSFSR, as reflected in the narratives. Along with patriotism and hatred of enemies, there is sympathy for the wounded and captured Red Army soldiers, civilians who perished during the occupation, interest in adventures, weapons and military affairs, and other psychological and social factors associated with age characteristics of minors and the development of wartime events. Memorial practices perpetuate exploits as actions committed because of patriotic motives.

This article highlights the issue of increasing labour intensity among collective farmers during the Great Patriotic War. The dynamic of labour costs of the rural population was analysed using the case of the Molotov (Perm) Region, a typical rear territory of the time. The source base of the research is constituted by archival materials, including recently declassified statistical reports, protocols of district executive committees, and administrative documentation of district and regional levels. The author considers the wartime situation using the modernisation approach, seeing it as a crisis associated with the breaking, reorganisation, and complication of agricultural production activities. The materials are analysed using the comparative historical method. Documentary sources confirm the thesis of high labour intensity in agricultural production during the wartime period. In the year 1944, collective farmers in Molotov (Perm) Region had, on average, 335 labour (working) days, which was 20 % higher than the country average at the time. Following the increase in labour intensity caused by the war, the traditional rhythm of agricultural work in the region was largely transformed so that the workload of farmers became high throughout the year. The combination of tough labour conditions and ingrained intrinsic motivation contributed to the reorganisation and greater efficiency of agricultural activities. However, heavy physical exertion, low levels of mechanisation of work, and the lack of proper recuperation resulted in mass psychological burnouts among collective farmers by the end of the war. In fact, already in 1945, a decline in the level of labour productivity was recorded among the collective farms of Molotov (Perm) Region.

Presented are vocational education’s development factors in the Volga region during the Great Patriotic War that have made generally their presence felt on its continuous development. These factors (precedent conditions for emergence of any phenomenon) were promotive of what the vocational education in the Volga region not only continued in operation and trained highly qualified specialists, but also reached its “heyday”. The vocational education’s main development factors during the Great Patriotic War can include accelerated development of the Volga region’s economy, defense industry’s development, industrial enterprises’ evacuation, ideologization’s growing role in the vocational education, educational and research institutions’ growth in the Volga region due to evacuation from neighboring regions, restoration of the national economy in the 1940th years. The choice of the territorial framework is due to the fact, that the Volga region is the central region of Russia, particularities of the vocational education’s development are typical for other regions of Russia. The choice of the time frame is determined by the need to study positive experience, accumulated in the past in the war time’s difficult conditions for purpose of use it in modern conditions. The analysis method, the synthesis method, the generalization method, the comparative historical method, the historical-logical and the retrospective methods, the method of historical problem’s actualization, the statistical method of materials treatment will be carried our plan.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the features of training police personnel during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). The objectives are as follows: to examine the characteristics of the leadership staff of schools and courses of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR; to analyze the changes that occurred in the activities of educational institutions during wartime. The source material for this article is the business documents from the f. 9401 “The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (MVD USSR)” collection of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (Moscow). The study utilized systemic historical and comparative historical methods. The author concluded that police training in the Soviet Union changed significantly during the Great Patriotic War. The educational institutions of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR restructured their operations to accommodate wartime conditions, significantly shortening cadet training and increasing the length of the workday. Practical training was prioritized. Interregional police schools became the largest category of educational institutions. Between 1941 and 1945, some police educational institutions ceased operations.

Introduction. The article discusses the practical interaction of local party and Soviet bodies and the urban and rural population of the Stavropol Territory in providing comprehensive assistance to citizens evacuated in 1941–1942 from the front-line western regions of the USSR to the territory of the region. The scientific study of this problem is an important part of the study of the functioning of the Soviet rear and its contribution to achieving victory over Nazi Germany during the Great Patriotic War. Methods and materials. In the course of the study, the authors actively used the historical-typological, problem-chronological, and historical-comparative methods. This article is based on the sources published in recent decades in collections of documents on this problem. Analysis. The reception of the first batches of the evacuated population began in the Stavropol Territory a few weeks after the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, i.e., in the summer of 1941. The regional authorities, by a number of their decisions, determined in advance in all cities and rural areas places for the accommodation and subsequent residence of arriving refugees. At the same time, as evidenced by documentary materials, responsible persons from among the party and Soviet workers were clearly and timely appointed, and premises, canteens, and medical centers were determined. The local population was called upon to provide all possible assistance in accommodating arriving citizens in their living space, which found a positive response from the urban and rural population of the Stavropol Territory. As quickly as possible, the authorities resolved many issues related to the stay of refugees in the region, including their employment and provision with money, hygiene items, clothing, and footwear. Equally attentive local authorities responded to the complaints of evacuated citizens, trying to eliminate the identified shortcomings in a short time. Results. In the course of the work, the author came to the conclusion that the close cooperation of local authorities and the population of the Stavropol Territory in providing comprehensive assistance to refugees has yielded a positive result. The evacuated citizens who arrived in the territory of the region in 1941–1942 were generally provided with the necessary list of material and household services, which made it possible to survive the harsh hardships of wartime in the places of their new settlement.

The article is devoted to the insufficiently researched question of the labor heroism of the workers of the rear of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR during the Great Patriotic War, which largely explains its topicality. The relevance of the topic is also explained by the important role of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR with its developed oil industry complex as part of the North Caucasus rear base of the Red Army. The purpose of the article is to determine the degree of impact of labor heroism on improving the efficiency of the economy of Chechen-Ingushetia in the study period. The article is written using the published works of researchers from the Chechen-Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic, materials of the republican newspaper "Grozny Worker" and archival materials, which allowed us to recreate with a sufficient degree of completeness the picture of the heroic work of the workers of the rear of the CHIASSR. The comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods were used in the work, which made it possible to identify the general and special features in the historical events described and to consider in chronological order the activity of the workers of the CHIASSR during the Great Patriotic War. The material involved shows that the active activity of the workers became an important factor that made it possible to fully utilize the entire industrial and agricultural potential of Chechen-Ingushetia in the conditions of a severe war to achieve victory over Nazi Germany. On the basis of the materials used, it can be concluded that the labor heroism of the workers allowed to compensate to some extent for the shortage of workers and the lack of financial and material resources of the state.

Introduction. Researchers have studied manifestations of collaborationism of Soviet citizens during the Great Patriotic War quite well, however, the problem of the perception of collaborators in the postwar period needs additional coverage. Of particular interest is the reflection of this topic in art cinema, which was one of the most important means of propaganda. Methods and materials. The basis of the study was a systematic approach. Historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were applied, in addition, content analysis was used to identify characteristic characters, images, ideas in films. The study was carried out on the basis of published materials, as well as archival files, which make it possible to compare the motivation of collaborators during the Great Patriotic War with its representation in Soviet cinema. Analysis. The study of the evolution of the coverage of the Great Patriotic War and related events in cinema made it possible to identify the main genre and stylistic devices used to demonstrate the place and role of collaborators. Through the analysis of the motivation of collaborators based on the protocols of their interrogations and investigative cases, as well as the consideration of their behavior in feature films, the functions of this topic in the Soviet propaganda discourse were determined. Results. The study of the methods and forms of demonstration of collaborationism showed this problem was reflected in Soviet cinema throughout the entire post-war period. Cooperation with the Germans was explained by several reasons: nationalist motives, hatred of the Soviet regime, cowardice or a desire to save one’s own life, or pathological manifestations up to mental illness. Authors’ contribution. O.V. Romanko proposed the concept of the article, supervised the research, studied the sources and historiography of the problem, and edited the final text of the paper. E.V. Prosolova carried out analytical work on the analysis of sources, systematization and classification of the image of a collaborator in Soviet cinema, designed the text of the article.

Introduction. The article analyzes historiography and history of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division, the only ethnic Kalmyk (largely) military unit that was engaged in active combat operations during the Great Patriotic War. However, despite its huge contribution to the heroic struggle against invading troops the unit — worthy of decent memory and respect — got surrounded with defamatory myths that bear no relation to actual events. Since most of the Division’s documents submitted to archives had disappeared, it took several decades to objectively examine its history. Materials and methods. The historical genetic method being a principal one for the present research, the latter also employs historical systemic and comparative methods. The sources analyzed are books and articles, official documents and correspondence from various archival repositories, personal messages and memoirs by veterans of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division and researchers of its history. Results. The article is a consistent review of the unit’s historiography that may be divided into five stages to be designated as follows: 1) period of silence and lies (1943–1957), 2) period of ‘sporadic’ studies (1957–1967), 3) period of active scientific work (1967–1977), 4) period of indifference (1977–2011), and 5) period of new scholarly interest (2011 to the present). The Kalmyk Cavalry Division has long been an object of defamatory insinuations and calumny when it was accused of ‘unreliability’, denounced as a ‘gang’ or even as German collaborators — these had clearly political implications. Meanwhile, the historical research was seriously complicated by the loss of most of its documents although after the disbandment those were duly handed over according to inventory lists along with the banners. This severely obstructed the process of preserving historical memory of the only ethnic Kalmyk unit that fought against the enemy during the Great Patriotic War. Hence, the difficulties that scholars in the field have had to overcome were immense. Part One of the article covers stages one to three. Conclusions. Historiography of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division may be described as a difficult and winding path, with periods of both oblivion and activation experienced.