Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles that can be actively secreted by most cell types into the extracellular environment. Evidence indicates that EVs can carry microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), proteins, and lipids to target cells or tissue organizations. Latest studies show that EVs play a vital role in the immune modulation and may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal T cell activation and sustained production of autoantibodies against self-antigens, resulting in inflammation and damage to multiple systems. Pathogenic mechanisms of SLE, however, are still not well understood. In this review, we summarize the latest research advances on the functions and mechanisms of EVs, and its role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of SLE.
Highlights
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by loss of tolerance and sustained production of autoantibodies against self-antigens that form immune complex deposits (Crispin et al, 2010)
extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) act on the innate immune system as pro-inflammatory mediators via paracrine messengers (Yanez-Mo et al, 2015)
Like DCs, EVs secreted by DCs were found to possess functional MHCpeptide complexes, costimulatory molecules, and other components that interact with immune cells (Thery et al, 1999; Thery et al, 2001; Thery et al, 2002a)
Summary
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by loss of tolerance and sustained production of autoantibodies against self-antigens that form immune complex deposits (Crispin et al, 2010). Apoptotic bodies are large structures, which are produced by direct budding of the membrane and differ from exosomes and MVs as apoptotic bodies are formed only during programmed cell death. They are characterized by the presence of closely packed cellular organelles and fragments of nuleus (Saraste and Pulkki, 2000). None of the involved studies published to date can prove that the isolated fractions are exosomes only In this context, we utilized the generic term “extracellular vesicles (EVs)” instead of “exosomes” throughout the rest of this survey. It is in line with the recommended terminology from the international society for extracellular vesicles (ISEV) (Thery et al, 2018)
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