Abstract
Gliomas are complex and heterogeneous central nervous system tumors with poor prognosis. Despite the increasing development of aggressive combination therapies, the prognosis of glioma is generally unsatisfactory. Exosomal microRNA (miRNA) has been successfully used in other diseases as a reliable biomarker and even therapeutic target. Recent studies show that exosomal miRNA plays an important role in glioma occurrence, development, invasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance. However, the association of exosomal miRNA between glioma has not been systemically characterized. This will provide a theoretical basis for us to further explore the relationship between exosomal miRNAs and glioma and also has a positive clinical significance in the innovative diagnosis and treatment of glioma.
Highlights
Glioma is the most common malignant primary tumor of the central nervous system (CNS)
Increasing studies have proved that exosomes can regulate the Abbreviations: GBM, glioblastoma; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MVE, multivesicular endosome; HMVEC, human microvascular epithelial cell; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; EGFRv III, epidermal growth factor receptor variant III; NTs, neurotrophic factor; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; BBB, blood–brain barrier; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; MSC, marrow stromal cells; fork head box protein A2 (FOXA2), forkhead box protein A2; B-Exos, blood-derived exosomes; TMZ, temozolomide
Qian et al [84] found that miR-1246 in the exosomes of glioma cells in hypoxia bound to the 3′ end of the messenger RNA (mRNA) of human telomere repeat binding factor 2 interacting protein (TERF2IP) gene and inhibited its expression though activating STAT3 signal pathway and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signal pathway, which eventually induced M2 macrophage polarization and promoted the formation of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (Table 1)
Summary
Glioma is the most common malignant primary tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). Many researchers have discovered that microvesicles (MVs) including many different types of exosomes can transport various nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids across different tissues from glioma patients [3]. Exosomes and Exosomal miRNA in Glioma microenvironment of tumors by mediating cell-to-cell communication and play an essential role in tumor occurrence and development, invasion, metastasis, and immune monitoring. In the process of tumor deterioration, the release of tumor-cells-derived exosome (T-exo) was significantly increased compared with normal cells, and they carried specific nucleic acid associated with tumor progression [4]. In this review, we summarized the most recent understanding of the T-exo and different exosomal miRNAs on glioma invasion, migration, angiogenesis, and drug resistance, and microenvironment regulation to shed light upon identifying novel therapeutic targets
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