Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide despite evidence-based public health recommendations. The promise to adopt a healthy lifestyle is increasingly important for tackling this global epidemic. Calorie restriction or regular exercise or a combination of the two is accepted as an effective strategy in preventing or treating obesity. Furthermore, the benefits conferred by regular exercise to overcome obesity are attributed not only to reduced adiposity or reduced levels of circulating lipids but also to the proteins, peptides, enzymes, and metabolites that are released from contracting skeletal muscle or other organs. The secretion of these molecules called cytokines in response to exercise induces browning of white adipose tissue by increasing the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes within the white adipose tissue, suggesting that exercise-induced cytokines may play a significant role in preventing obesity. In this review, we present research-based evidence supporting the effects of exercise and various diet interventions on preventing obesity and adipose tissue health. We also discuss the interplay between adipose tissue and the cytokines secreted from skeletal muscle and other organs that are known to affect adipose tissue and metabolism.
Highlights
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975 and reached a global epidemic [1,2]
As reviewed comprehensively by Stanford and Goodyear [87] in rodents, it is well documented that exercise training can induce browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and the recruitment of brown-like adipocytes within WAT via exercise-induced cytokines such as irisin and IL-6, which triggered the interest in investigating WAT browning in humans
We reviewed the therapeutic roles of various diet, exercise interventions, and some cytokines that play a significant role in obesity prevention and improving adipose tissue metabolism
Summary
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975 and reached a global epidemic [1,2]. Over the last 20 years, molecules secreted from skeletal muscle and other organs have been the focus of much research in terms of their therapeutic role as circulatory factors with effects on metabolically active tissue and organs Some of these molecules released in response to muscle contraction have been reported to mediate some of the beneficial effects of exercise in other organs, such as the liver and the adipose tissue [34], such as browning of WAT and increasing thermogenesis and energy expenditure (EE), which make cytokines appealing therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases. The interplay between adipose tissue and the cytokines secreted from skeletal muscle and other organs that are known to affect adipose tissue was discussed
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