Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic, immune-mediated disease with an incidence of approximately 2%. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and not yet fully understood. Genetic factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In predisposed individuals, multiple trigger factors may contribute to disease onset and exacerbations of symptoms. Environmental factors (stress, infections, certain medications, nicotinism, alcohol, obesity) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms are considered result in modulation of individual gene expression and an increased likelihood of the disease. Studies highlight the significant role of epigenetic factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis. Epigenetic mechanisms in psoriasis include DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetic mechanisms induce gene expression changes under the influence of chemical modifications of DNA and histones, which alter chromatin structure and activate transcription factors of selected genes, thus leading to translation of new mRNA without affecting the DNA sequence. Epigenetic factors can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional (via histone modification, DNA methylation) and posttranscriptional levels (via microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs). This study aims to present and discuss the different epigenetic mechanisms in psoriasis based on a review of the available literature.
Highlights
Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic immune-mediated disease with prevalence ranging from 0.14% to 6.60% depending on the geographic region [1,2]
This study aims to present and discuss the different epigenetic mechanisms in psoriasis based on a review of the available literature
The results showed that CpG methylation of psoriatic lesions differed from control skin at 1108 sites—twelve mapped to the epidermal differentiation complex, upstream or within genes that are highly upregulated in psoriasis
Summary
Systemic immune-mediated disease with prevalence ranging from 0.14% to 6.60% (average 2%) depending on the geographic region [1,2]. There are two types of psoriasis depending on the onset of symptoms: early-onset type I with a peak incidence between the ages of 18 and 39, and late-onset type II, which begins above the age of 40 (on average at age 50–69). A typical skin manifestation of psoriasis are psoriatic plaques (erythematous, infiltrative and exfoliative lesions) covered with silvery scales. The most common location of psoriatic plaques is on the hairy scalp, extensor surfaces of knees and elbows and in the sacro-lumbar region. Characteristic symptoms of psoriasis include nail lesions (onycholysis, oil spots, pitting, splinter hemorrhages) [1,3]
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