The Role of Arabic Poetry in Nahwu Rules

Nahwu science is a science that discusses the rules of the Arabic language. However, there is little doubt when Nahwu science is viewed from an academic perspective which requires an epistemological aspect. So that in seeking the truth of a science, it is discussed in the study of the philosophy of science. The purpose of this study is to examine how the science of nahwu and its truth in the philosophy of science. This study is qualitative research with library research approach. Data collection techniques use literature studies from books, articles, and scientific journals. The results showed that Nahwu science is true as a science based on the Coherence Theory of Truth in the philosophy of science. So this is answered as proof that “Nahwu science is a science” so that Nahwu science is not only considered a tool in Arabic, but knowledge in Islamic and general education.

The Hunt In Arabic Poetry: From Heroic to Lyric to Metapoetic

Arabic language is a global language and has become one of the most important languages for all language learners around the world. A fundamental component of sound Arabic language acquisition is Arabic poetry which is innately intricate. Hence, deficiency in interactive computer programs specially designed for learning Arabic poetry, has generated apathy that Arabic poetry is superfluous, consequently ensuing impotence to the graduates of Arabic Language and Literature Studies. The existing scenario illustrates the preference and reliance on interactive programs and gadgets among the educators and students. E-Diwan enables the accessibility of teaching and learning Arabic poetry through a mobile device and a mobile interface (Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile) with a designated Arabic poetry electronic portfolio website. E-Diwan keeps the students glued to the screen and are dazzled by the atheistic beauty of Arabic poetry subsequently augmenting them with a corpus of Arabic literary lexis. By a click of a button, the app displays a spectrum analysis of the poems; definition, grammatical and rhetorical properties, a brief biography of the poet, and translation of the poems in English and Malay. It is also equipped with the ability to audio present the above information using a recorded voice of an Arabic native speaker. Built-in are videos designed to simultaneously improve the information outcome and performance skills of the user. E-Diwan’s comprehensive nature facilitates individual learning, which cultivates Life Long Learning. E-Diwan fits as a lecture companion tool for all educators teaching Arabic poetry and Arabic language learners.

The study reports a comparative investigation into the way Arabic first language (L1) and English native language scholars construct cohesive English texts in linguistics research articles through the use of linking adverbials (LAs).It was framed by Biber et al.'s (1999) classification of LAs.The corpus comprised 80 published research articles in a linguistics journal written in English by native and Arab scholars (304,144 words).Both qualitative and quantitative analyses have been conducted in order to investigate the semantic uses of LAs and their frequencies and percentages.There were overall similarities between the two datasets and slight differences that can be related to cross-cultural and L1 influence.Some Arab scholars had the tendency to overuse additive adverbials by comparison to other LAs.This tendency might be linked to their L1, such as Arabic which heavily uses additive adverbials.The findings revealed the non-native English speaking scholars' (NNES) slight preference for using formal (e.g.'in order to') over less formal adverbials (e.g.'so').The distribution pattern of the categories was similar in both datasets.The study suggests investigating other genres of RAs written within different disciplines.

Intertext research was carried out to find the connection between the Chatedrale de Chartes poem by Sitor Situmorang and the Pants Creed poem by Joko Pinurbo. The relationship is related to the similarities and conflicts. This is due to the diversity of the Indonesian people because of differences in ethnicity, race, religion, and intergroups that require conflict so that this intertextual needs to be studied as teaching material in multicultural education. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with content analysis method. The research data is the Chatedrale de Chartes poem and the Pants Creed poem. Data processing techniques with literature studies, see, and notes are done by comparing the two poems using a heuristic and hermeneutic reading model to explain the interquality relationship between poems, both from the conversation that proves it. To discuss the validity of this study was used a triangulation model, namely data triangulation, theory triangulation, and expert triangulation. The results of the study are (1) intertextual relationships found in Chatedrale de Chartes and Pants Creed poems in heuristic and hermeneutic readings. (2) The results of this intertextual study are very important to be applied in multicultural education in Indonesia and the important role of government, contributions to the curriculum, and educators (teachers) in delivering intertextual material in the arts so that they are created in policy, interrelated, and between students in society multicultural.

Jāhiliyya poetry in Arabic literature has always been a major focus of interest for researchers in this field. Historically considered, this period also includes the first century of Islam. Modern-day interest in Arabic literature, particularly in Jāhiliyya poetry, seems to have arisen from religious reasons on the one hand, and from the consciousness of national history on the other. During the Jāhiliyya Period, the Arabs attached so much importance to poetry that it functioned as their council, history, culture and worldview. Arabic poetry reached the peak of its maturity during the Jāhiliyya Period and formed an indisputable model for all subsequent times.
 Arab literary critics have substantially contributed to the art of criticism and have produced seminal works. Particularly studies on poetry criticism have deservedly earned a special position in literary appraisal. In this field, orientalists have also carried out many studies on old Arabic poetry. However, they have failed to act prudently in these studies and made methodological mistakes, such as comparing Arabic poetry with European literature. Despite these biased and non-objective studies, there are also some approaches in which there is no prejudice against and disregard for Arabic poetry. One of these conscientious works belongs to the German orientalist Renate Jacobi. Jacobi and Ukrainian orientalist Susan Stetkevich carried out similar studies in this area; both researchers addressed the ancient Arabic poetry in integrity. Using this method, they went beyond the traditional approaches of orientalism and examined Arabic literature from technical and literary perspectives beyond the social and geographical properties and cultures of the Arabs.
 Globally considered, we can say that German orientalists studying pre-Islamic poetry are more prudent and impartial than their European counterparts. Jacobi developed a unique critical horizon and a methodological path by examining texts without looking at the external contexts accompanying them. Jacobi introduced a new method in her work titled 'the Formal Principles of Arabic Poetry', by classifying the structural properties of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry into sections. She also suggested that this poetry is regular and interconnected and that it hardly exists in a disconnected structure depending solely on couplets. Therefore, this work of Jacobi has changed the prejudiced view of Arabic poetry. She reformed the traditional orientalist view, which considered the ancient Greek literary taste as a benchmark and studied Arabic poetry accordingly, and evaluated the Arab culture according to its own resources and cultural norms. Therefore, with this work, she approached Arabic literature from a different perspective than other orientalists.
 The most important thing Jacobi did in her work on the structure of pre-Islamic poetry was to try to answer a conjectural question that sought to uncover the structure and form of the text. The basic question she explored was: How was the structure of pre-Islamic poetry? To answer this question, Jacobi examined pre-Islamic poems in terms of their styles. She also analyzed the text and evaluated its structure, language, style and internal relations. After examining the elaborate structures of Arabic poetry, Jacobi showed that Arabic poetry is based on description, and it moves from ghazal to encomium. These claims made by Jacobi were previously voiced by such critics as Ibn Sallām and Ibn Kutayba. However, Jacobi’s changing the orientalist view, along with her serious and objective presentation, reveals the importance of her work.

<div class="WordSection1"><p>I am honored for being an alumnus of KEMC, and am delighted to write this editorial for the Annals. I have, ever since done my research and taught qualitative methods, felt that clinical methods are quite akin to qualitative research. Then, why only few clinical researchers use qualitative methods? A witness to this assumption is the research published in the Annals. In this treatise, I try to identify some parallels between the two types of methods and argue for the clinicians to invest in learning qualitative research methods to practice clinical methods well.</p><p> Qualitative research is to identify and interpret issues from the perspective of participants, their experience of: illness or disability, using health service, and to appreciate the meanings they give to the behaviour, events or objects in the context of their social and cultural norms. In this type of research, the emphasis is on exploring the associations and understanding the phenomenon in its holism; and not, like in quantitative research, from an outsider’s perspective and for certain specific aspects.<sup>1</sup> It requires participants with specific characteristics, selected purposely that can best inform the research topic. More participants, identified inductively during data collection, are added to develop full and multiple perspectives about the cases.<sup>2</sup></p><p> No preset data collection tool is used, instead qualitative researcher guided by a research question acts as an instrument, since the line of enquiry he changes during data collection as new understanding is gained and/or the situation changes.<sup>3</sup> The data for research is derived from the observation, interviews or verbal interactions, focus group discussions, document reviews, life histories etc. and the researcher asks why, how and under what circumstances things occur; and not just what, where and when. It is recorded in words or pictures and log book is used to record notes arising from interviews, observations, extracts from documents etc.</p><p> In health care settings patients are the subjects for clinical methods. The clinician, even prior to any verbal communication, observes the patient, e.g. for his gait and appearance. If in a bed or examination couch, his posture could give some clue to the illness. Inspection, a clinical method, is like systematic observation, which is qualitative method, should be holistic. In my third year during bedside teaching, Professor (late) Rashid Ahmed Qureshi said, <em>“patient has come to you as a whole and not his stomach in a tray”</em>, when a student straight went to examine abdomen of a patient with acute abdomen. History taking, another clinical method, is like conducting semi structured in depth interview – a qualitative research method. In both disciplines, we are told, <em>“not to ask leading, but follow up and probing questions”; </em>and Professor (late) Alamgir Khan, while teaching clinical methods, would add, <em>“if a good history is taken, you will establish diagnosis in over 65% of cases”. </em>Likewise, as part of history taking, documents related to patient’s illness history and treatment are reviewed similar to document review in qualitative research.</p><p> The two approaches however differ in how the data is analysed. In clinical practice, diagnosis is established based on the pathophysiological knowledge or patient’s clinical condition is discussed in clinicopathological conference.<sup>4</sup> On the other hand, qualitative research employs meaning based data analysis, whereby the qualitative data is transformed into some form of explanation, understanding or interpretation of people and situation that is investigated.<sup>5,6</sup></p><p> In conclusion, the history, the observation and the review of document related to patient are since obtainned using qualitative methods, the clinician trained in these methods could not only conduct these methods well but also interpret the data to identify and detect obstacles to the change in clinical condition and the reasons why improvement does or does not occur.<sup>7</sup> Finally, while it is heartening that research forums are organised in the institutions affiliated with KEMU, in order the research is richer, the researchers’ skills in qualitative research methods should be built.</p></div>

This paper aims to discuss the methods, thoughts, and contributions of Al-Kisā'i in the development of Nahwu science, especially the Kufah madrasah. The method used in the research is a literature study. In contrast, the method used in data analysis is historical analysis, which is a study of a problem based on the context of the historical development of the study. In its development, Nahwu has passed through various discussions and given birth to its characteristics in each madrasa in Nahwu science. This development is inseparable from the thoughts of Nahwu figures who laid the foundations of the rules in Nahwu science. As one of the pioneers of the Kufah madrasah, Al-Kisā'i has several methods and thoughts that distinguish it from the madrasa that emerged earlier, namely the Basrah madrasah. The results showed that; Al-Kisā'i in developing his thoughts in the field of nahwu, namely by expanding the use of history, namely by opening the possibility of history from shi'ir, expanding the use of qiyas, namely by considering the importance of nahwu rules based on uncommon language rules, expanding the differences in principles developed by the Basrah school.

Chinese scholars just began to study Arabic literature since Reform and Opening-up of China in 1979, though Arabic language began to be taught in Peking University since 1951. Chinese scholars’ studies on Arabic literature studies at that time were at the edge of studies of world literature. Articles on Arabic literature just issued on Arab World. It was still difficult for professors of Arabic literature to issue their articles at the journals such as Foreign Literature Review, Literature Abroad, Foreign Literature Studies, Foreign Literature and Contemporary Foreign Literature in 1980s. These journals preferred to issue papers on western literature and Russian literature during that period. In recent years, studies on Arabic literature developed rapidly in China. The Chinese intellectuals do not study on ancient Arabic literature only, but study on modern and contemporary Arabic literature also. They published books on Arabic literature such as On Arabian Nights: Mythology and Reality,Singing for Love: A Study on Kuwait Poetess Souad al-Sabah,Sufism in Modern Arabic Literature, Modern Arabic Literature During the Cultural Changes,Arabic Poetry in the Context of Globalization: A Study on Egyptian Poet Farouk Guweidah, and Comparative Study of Chinese and Arabic Literature. They also wrote histories of Arabic literature, for example, History of Arabic Literature, History of Modern Arabic Literature and General History of Arabic Literature are available in Chinese book market in these years. Professor Zhong Jikun won Appreciation Award of Egypt Ministry of Higher Education in 2005, won Sheikh Zayed Book Award’s Cultural Personality of the Year in 2011 and in the same year won King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Translation. These prizes and awards show us that studies on Arabic literature have moved from the edge of China to the center of Arab world.

The purpose of this research is to obtain the opinions of teachers in order to create a mathematical culture of students based on the solution of parametric problems. The qualitative research method was used in this study. The study group of the research consists of 40 mathematics teachers who teach at various high schools in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Research data were collected with a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. The research data were evaluated by using the content analysis method. As a result of the research, the majority of the mathematics teachers participating in the research stated that the students were insufficient in solving parametric problems. The vast majority of mathematics student teachers stated that they were very inadequate in posing parametric problems. The suggestions of the majority of the mathematics teachers participating in the research on the creation of a mathematics culture based on the solution of parametric problems are to create a technology-supported lesson environment, to conduct a needs analysis in the formation of the mathematics culture of the students and to provide in-service training to the teachers.
 Keywords: Parametric problems, mathematics education, mathematics culture, teacher opinions

The purpose of this research is to determine the acceptance level of primary school teachers about educational technologies. The research was designed in accordance with the qualitative research method. The study group of the research consists of 40 primary school teachers teaching in the city of Almaty, Kazakhstan, in the 2021–2022 academic year. Research data were collected with a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. The research data were converted into findings using the content analysis method. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the majority of primary school teachers find themselves sufficient to benefit from educational technologies. However, the majority of the teachers who participated in the research stated that they sometimes use technology in education. The majority of primary school teachers participating in the research stated that technology-supported education is effective on students’ success. In this direction, in order to increase primary school teachers’ use of technology in education, it is recommended to establish infrastructures that will provide technology-supported education in schools and to organise in-service programmes for teachers.
 
 Keywords: Educational technologies, primary school, teacher opinions;

In the century we live in, the level of environmental awareness, environmental knowledge, and ecological literacy of Social Studies teacher education candidates is of great importance to raise individuals who possess high ecological culture and environmental sensitivity. The research was carried out with a phenomenological pattern from qualitative research methods. The study group of research was determined by criterion sampling, which is a purposeful sampling method. The study group consists of 15 teacher education students who studied in the Department of Turkish and Social Sciences Education, Department of Social Studies Education and took the environmental education course in a Faculty of Education at a university in Turkey during the 2019-2020 academic years. The research data was obtained through a semi-structured interview form. The research data were analyzed by the content analysis method and evaluated with a qualitative data analysis program. One of the most important results obtained from this research includes that Social Studies teacher education students correctly perceive the concepts of Environmental Education and ecological literacy overall. Also, it is seen that Social Studies teacher education students stated that Environmental Education can provide development in their cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions such as information and increased consciousness about resource consumption, environmental awareness and sensitivity, problem-solving, understanding about sustainability, positive attitudes and behavioral development and changes and that will positively affect the ecological literacy levels of an individual. For this reason, the concepts of Environmental Education and ecological literacy should be emphasized because it is necessary for ecological literacy to be explained to the students and projects should be carried out accordingly.

The article discusses the use of psychological research in determining the process of making investment and financial decisions. The process of making investment and financial decisions reveals the level of financial literacy of the population. When it comes to financial literacy, first of all, the stages of regulating the income of residents, accounting for their income and expenses, collecting excess money, and increasing storage are considered. The purpose of the study is to identify psychological conditions in determining the process of making investment and financial decisions by the population of the country. In this study, a qualitative research method was used. A research group was created with the participation of university students and their parents and their opinions were analyzed. The research group involved 200 people, including 75 students and 125 parents. They formed different social groups, mostly large families, urban and rural residents took part. The research data was collected through a semi-structured type of interview developed in advance. The research data were evaluated using the content analysis method. Currently, economic science is unable to explain most of the investment and financial decisions. Through the method of advertising, the seduction of the population by scammers with low financial literacy was studied.

The essay argues that Eurocentric modernity continues to impact how ancient Egyptian language and literature is experienced, researched, and taught in Arabic-speaking Egypt as a direct result of its colonial history. It explores some reasons and justifications for the omission of Egyptian Egyptologists from the century-long formation and evolution of ancient Egyptian literary and linguistic studies. This hegemonic approach still causes intellectual suffering for those who were/are colonized. The essay seeks to deploy analytical approaches from the Arabic literary tradition to decolonize the overwhelming and illogical divorce between linguistic and literary studies. A comparative reading of ancient Egyptian literary devices provides the grounds for a further argument, which concerns more broadly the ways in which scholars should approach the literary devices of ancient Egyptian texts, and opens the door to previously unexplored literary and linguistic approaches. The aim of this essay is to investigate the possibility of offering a new and a closer textual reading of ancient Egyptian literary devices, based on Arabic balāghah methodology (literally, eloquence, and roughly translated as poetics). This comparative approach demonstrates that Arabic scholarship can reclaim a respected space in the knowledge production that re/defines the cultural heritage of ancient Middle Eastern literature(s). The essay calls upon Euro-American and Arab academics to endorse various methodologies of “intellectual decolonization” in order to avoid reinscribing the long-established Eurocentric elements of coloniality and to invest more deliberate efforts in helping ancient Middle Eastern literary cultures to speak for themselves without any impositions rooted in Eurocentrism or Arabocentrism.

Facts and fiction are two sides of a coin; this is so because the former is backed up with evidence while the latter is imaginary in nature. Positivism is a method of gaining knowledge that is empirically based, while non-positivism is also a method of gaining knowledge through secondary data and observation. Positivism is a method of gaining knowledge that originated from pure sciences, though its use has been accepted in the behavioural sciences. The study examines; facts and fiction in positivism and neo-positivism. The research method adopted for this study is the secondary sources or documentary research method found under qualitative research method. The method of research analysis used for this research is the ‘Content Analysis Method’. The findings of this study are; Qualitative and quantitative research uses observation as the mode of gaining knowledge (use of our five senses); hence the two paradigms believe that anything that cannot be observed lacks validity. Quantitative and qualitative research aimed at the same goal, which is to build theory, prediction, generalization, and to gain knowledge. Even though quantitative and qualitative researches are facts based, they end up being infiltrated with imagination they initially try as much as possible to avoid. For instance, both research undertakings often than not fall victim of ‘fallacy of band wagon’, a situation where majority of the subjects (that questionnaire were administered to or subject that interview were administered to) give false observation about social phenomenon they have observed. Keywords: Facts, fiction, positivism, neo-positivism, qualitative, quantitative DOI : 10.7176/RHSS/9-4-03