Abstract
BackgroundThere is conflicting data on the effects of carbon dioxide contained in beverages on stomach functions. We aimed to verify the effect of a pre-meal administration of a 300 ml non-caloric carbonated beverage (B+CO2) compared to water or a beverage without CO2 (B-CO2), during a solid (SM) and a liquid meal (LM) on: a) gastric volume, b) caloric intake, c) ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK) release in healthy subjects.MethodsAfter drinking the beverages (Water, B-CO2, B+CO2), ten healthy subjects (4 women, aged 22-30 years; BMI 23 ± 1) were asked to consume either an SM or an LM, at a constant rate (110 kcal/5 min). Total gastric volumes (TGV) were evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging after drinking the beverage and at maximum satiety (MS). Total kcal intake at MS was evaluated. Ghrelin and CCK were measured by enzyme immunoassay until 120 min after the meal. Statistical calculations were carried out by paired T-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The data is expressed as mean ± SEM.ResultsTGV after B+CO2 consumption was significantly higher than after B-CO2 or water (p < 0.05), but at MS, it was no different either during the SM or the LM. Total kcal intake did not differ at MS after any of the beverages tested, with either the SM (Water: 783 ± 77 kcals; B-CO2: 837 ± 66; B+CO2: 774 ± 66) or the LM (630 ± 111; 585 ± 88; 588 ± 95). Area under curve of ghrelin was significantly (p < 0.05) lower (13.8 ± 3.3 ng/ml/min) during SM following B-CO2 compared to B+CO2 and water (26.2 ± 4.5; 27.1 ± 5.1). No significant differences were found for ghrelin during LM, and for CCK during both SM and LM after all beverages.ConclusionsThe increase in gastric volume following a 300 ml pre-meal carbonated beverage did not affect food intake whether a solid or liquid meal was given. The consistency of the meal and the carbonated beverage seemed to influence ghrelin release, but were unable, under our experimental conditions, to modify food intake in terms of quantity. Further studies are needed to verify if other food and beverage combinations are able to modify satiation.
Highlights
Today, sweetened carbonated beverages are widely consumed and this has fuelled several conflicting opinions regarding their effect on satiation and food intake [1]
Symptoms during meal intake The subjects did not suffer from any relevant pathological symptoms such as postprandial fullness, nausea, bloating, epigastric pain or epigastric burning during the experiment with either the solid or the liquid meal, or following any of the beverages
Satiety test Meal intakes at maximum satiety did not differ between the three experiments performed with the different beverages, either with the solid (Water: 783 ± 77 kcal; BCO2: 837 ± 66; B+CO2: 774 ± 66) or the liquid meal (630 ± 111; 585 ± 88; 588 ± 95) respectively
Summary
Today, sweetened carbonated beverages are widely consumed and this has fuelled several conflicting opinions regarding their effect on satiation and food intake [1]. Similar results emerged from a study carried out on healthy volunteers where 300 ml of sweetened beverages with or without added carbon dioxide did not influence the gastric emptying of a standard 480 kcal meal [6]. An 800 ml intake of either water or regular cola determined increased gastric distress and delayed gastric emptying [7]. The second study showed that a pre-load beverage of regular cola determined an initial increase in satiety without any reduction in energy intake after drinking the beverage [8]. Other studies showed that increasing the amount of carbonated beverage up to 400 ml seemed to limit energy intake during the meal or increase gastric distress [9,10]. We aimed to verify the effect of a pre-meal administration of a 300 ml non-caloric carbonated beverage (B+CO2) compared to water or a beverage without CO2 (B-CO2), during a solid (SM) and a liquid meal (LM) on: a) gastric volume, b) caloric intake, c) ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK) release in healthy subjects
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