The Risks of Business Model Innovation in Established Firm: Insights From an Expert Study

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has a longstanding appreciation of the value of behavioral research. From the earliest days, when the concept of “coronary prone” behavior was introduced, to the growing recognition of the need for strategies to encourage health-promoting behaviors and lifestyles, to more recent efforts to incorporate health-related quality of life measures into our clinical studies, behavioral research has contributed much to our understanding of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although still in its infancy, the application of this discipline to lung and blood diseases, sleep disorders, and transfusion medicine issues clearly offers much promise for advances in treatment and prevention. Acknowledging that many opportunities lie in biobehavioral research, in November 1995 the NHLBI convened the Task Force on Behavioral Research in Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Health and Disease to chart a course for future research efforts. Composed of national experts, it was charged to review the state of knowledge in biobehavioral research in cardiovascular, lung, and blood diseases and sleep disorders over the past 5 years; identify research opportunities; and develop a comprehensive plan, including scientific priorities, for NHLBI support of research on health and behavior for the next several years. During a series of meetings that spanned nearly 2 years, the task force worked to develop a report of its findings and conclusions. The report provides a detailed summary of accomplishments to date, highlights new scientific opportunities, and identifies specific recommendations for future research. The full text, with graphics, is available on the NHLBI Web site at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/nhlbi/sciinf/taskforc.htm. The synopsis that follows was excerpted from the executive summary of the task force report. The Institute is very pleased to have this task force report to guide its activities with respect to research on health and behavior. We are grateful to the task force chair, Dr …

To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections and their risk factors in children in urban and rural settings in two Cuban municipalities. A total of 1320 Cuban schoolchildren aged 4-14 were tested by stool examination for intestinal parasite infections and evaluated by parental questionnaire for a number of common environmental, sanitary, socioeconomic and behavioural risk factors. Multivariate regression was applied to examine the relationship between the respective parasite infections and the risk factors. Prevalences of intestinal parasite infections were 58% in Fomento and 45% in San Juan y Martínez; for helminth infections, these were 18% and 24% and for protozoa infections, 50% and 29%, respectively. Helminth infections were associated with high parental education (maternal: OR 0.68, CI 0.50-0.93; paternal: OR 0.71, CI 0.52-0.96), absence of toilet (OR 1.57, CI 1.12-2.19), consumption of water from a well or river (OR 0.56, CI 0.41-0.77) and eating unpeeled/unwashed fruit (OR 1.37, CI 1.01-1.87); protozoa infections were only associated with high maternal education (OR 0.72, CI 0.57-0.91). Paediatric intestinal parasite infections are still prevalent in certain areas in Cuba and associated with a number of common environmental, socioeconomic and sanitary risk factors.

Background: Area of Pangkalpinang health center was an endemic area of malaria which had a fluctuative annual malaria incidence (AMI) from the year of 2004 to 2007 with AMI for each year was about 33,45 ‰; 39,29 ‰; 23,96 ‰; and 24,51 ‰. These condition might be related to environmental and behavioral factors. This research aimed to analyze environmental and behavioral factors in relation to malaria incidence in Pangkalbalam Pangkalpinang. Method: It was an observational research using case-control design. The subjects of the research were divided into two groups, namely cases (68 subjects) and control (68 subjects). Cases were defined and based on the positive blood examination of plasmodium, and controls were the negative blood examination. Behavioral factors measured in this research consisted of the night going out habit, mosquito coil usage, bed net usage, and traveling history to another endemic area of malaria. Environmental factors observed was the existence of ventilation screen, vegetation around the house, characteristic and condition of wall, ceiling, and water bodies around the house. Data would be analyzed using chi-square and multiple logistic regression analysis at 5% level of significance. Result: The result showed that the climate in Pangkalpinang city supported the development and survival of mosquitoes as malaria vector. The mean of temperature was 24,9 0 C, humidity 83%, rainfall 213,4 mm, and wind speed was 3,0 m/s. There were 4 variables as potential factors contributing malaria incidence based on the bivariate analysis, but only 3 variables as risk factors contributing to malaria incidence by multiple logistic regression: the night going out habit, traveling history to another endemic area of malaria, and the existence of water bodies around the house which each Odds Ratio of 3,454; 3,901; and 3,446. Conclusion: The habit of hanging out at night and traveling history to another endemic area of malaria were suggested as behavioral risk factors and the existence of water bodies or ponds around the house was suggested as environmental risk factor. Key words : Behavioral and environmental risk factors, malaria, Pangkalpinang.

Introduction: There are significant gender differences in the epidemiology and presentation of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), physiological aspects of CVDs, response to diagnostic tests or interventions, and prevalence or incidence of the associated risk factors. Considering the independent influence of gender on early dire consequences of such diseases, this study was conducted to investigate gender differences in patients' beliefs about biological, environmental, behavioral, and psychological risk factors in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Materials and Methods: This study has cross sectional design. The sample was composed of 775 patients referred to cardiac rehabilitation unit in Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. The data were collected using clinical interview and patients’ medical records. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and chi-square test​​. To do the statistical analysis, SPSS version 20 was utilized. Results: As the results indicated, there was a significant difference between the beliefs of men and women about risk factors of heart disease (X2= 48.36; P<0.01). Men considered behavioral (55.1%) and psychological (33.7%) risk factors as the main causes of their disease, respectively. On the other hand, women regarded psychological (38.2%) and behavioral factors (26.6%) as the most common causes of cardiac conditions, respectively. Both men and women considered stress as the most important heart disease risk factor (21% and 22.3%, respectively). Also, women were less aware of the risk factors, compared to men. Conclusion: From the patients’ perspective, psychological and behavioral risk factors were the most important causes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); moreover, stress was the most influential risk factor for developing cardiac diseases. Thus, learning to control and manage these risk factors can help to prevent the development of CVDs and reduce the occurrence of subsequent cardiac events.

Little is known about factors related to the increased risk for gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), while the negative impact of gastrointestinal symptoms is evident. Especially, the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and psychological, behavioural, and biological risk factors in adults with ASD (traits) is unclear. Autistic peer support workers and autism-advocates also emphasised the importance of identifying risk factors, because of the high prevalence of gastrointestinal problems in people with ASD. Therefore, our study investigated which psychological, behavioural, and biological factors are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with ASD or with autistic traits. We analysed data from 31,185 adults in the Dutch Lifelines Study. Questionnaires were used to evaluate the presence of an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, autistic traits, gastrointestinal symptoms, psychological and behavioural factors. Biological factors were examined with body measurements. We found that not only adults with ASD but also adults with higher levels of autistic traits were at increased risk for gastrointestinal symptoms. Adults with ASD who experienced psychological problems (psychiatric problems, worse perceived health, chronic stress) had a higher risk for gastrointestinal symptoms than adults with ASD without these psychological problems. Moreover, adults with higher levels of autistic traits were less physically active, which was also associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. In conclusion, our study highlights the relevance of identifying psychological problems and evaluating physical activity when trying to help adults with ASD or autistic traits and gastrointestinal symptoms. This suggests that healthcare professionals should be more aware of behavioural and psychological risk factors when evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms in adults with ASD (traits).

Background: According to WHO report 2001 filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis is one of communicable disease which still becomes a public health problem in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas. Filariasis disease can cause permanent deformity, i.e. swollen legs, arms and genital regardless of sexes. Further impact of such a condition is that the sufferers cannot work normally and depend their lives to others. Filariasis disease brings great social, cultural, economic and psychological impact. Out of five districts in the province of Gorontalo, District of Bonebolango shows the highest endemic. The report shows that out of 326 people whose blood has been examined, 105 turn out to be positive (mf rate=34.4%). They are concentrated at one sub district, i.e. sub district of Boneraya (survey 2002), exceeding endemic borderline of an area with mf rate <1% which becomes a threat to economic stability of the area. WHO declares the Global Goal of Elimination of Lympathic Filariasis as a Public Health Problem by 2020, and Indonesia makes a follow up by determining filariasis elimination as a priority program of communicable disease eradication. Environmental, behavioral and social cultural factors are risk factors which minimize prevalence of filariasis. Objective: To identify risk factors related to cases of filarisis at District of Bonebolango, Province of Gorontalo. Method: The study was observational with case control design. Odds Ratio (OR) was used to find out risk factor estimation of filariasis prevalence. Interview was conducted to respondents with positive microfilaria and equal control. Total samples were as many as 140 respondents. Data analysis used Chi Square and logistic regression. Result: The result of univariable and bivariable analysis showed that risk factors related to filariasis prevalence were behavioral factors, i.e. use of mosquito net (OR=11, 5), use of ventilation wire screen (OR=2.078), use of long sleeves (OR=0, 014), knowledge (OR=2, 004) and environmental (OR=2, 215) However, the result of multivariable analysis showed that the risk factors were behavioral with such as use of mosquito net (OR=9, 568), use of long sleeves (OR=2, 870), knowledge (OR=2, 485) and environmental (OR=3.563) Conclusion: Behavioral (do not used of mosquito net and do not used long sleeves), Social cultural (low knowledge) and environmental factors were risk factors of filariasis. Keywords: behavioral, social cultural, environmental, risk of filariasis, case control

Behavioral and environmental risk factors are critical in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these risk factors will offer valuable insights for targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, noncoding RNA (ncRNA) expression, and epitranscriptomic modifications, have emerged as key mediators connecting behavioral and environmental risk factors to CVD risk and progression. These epigenetic alterations can profoundly impact on cardiovascular health and susceptibility to CVD by influencing cellular processes, development, and disease risk over an individual's lifetime and potentially across generations. This review examines how behavioral and environmental risk factors affect CVD risk and health outcomes through epigenetic regulation. We review the epigenetic effects of major behavioral risk factors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and obesity) and environmental risk factors (including air and noise pollution) in the context of CVD pathogenesis. Additionally, we explore epigenetic biomarkers, considering their role as causal or surrogate indicators, and discuss epigenetic therapeutics targeting the mechanisms through which these risk factors contribute to CVD. We also address future research directions and challenges in leveraging epigenetic insights to reduce the burden of CVD related to behavioral and environmental factors and improve public health outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of behavioral and environmental epigenetics in CVD and offer valuable strategies for therapeutic intervention.

Prior studies have proposed a wide range of potential biological risk factors for future suicidal behaviors. Although strong evidence exists for biological correlates of suicidal behaviors, it remains unclear if these correlates are also risk factors for suicidal behaviors. We performed a meta-analysis to integrate the existing literature on biological risk factors for suicidal behaviors and to determine their statistical significance. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, PsycInfo and Google Scholar for studies that used a biological factor to predict either suicide attempt or death by suicide. Inclusion criteria included studies with at least one longitudinal analysis using a biological factor to predict either of these outcomes in any population through 2015. From an initial screen of 2541 studies we identified 94 cases. Random effects models were used for both meta-analyses and meta-regression. The combined effect of biological factors produced statistically significant but relatively weak prediction of suicide attempts (weighted mean odds ratio (wOR)=1.41; CI: 1.09–1.81) and suicide death (wOR=1.28; CI: 1.13–1.45). After accounting for publication bias, prediction was nonsignificant for both suicide attempts and suicide death. Only two factors remained significant after accounting for publication bias—cytokines (wOR=2.87; CI: 1.40–5.93) and low levels of fish oil nutrients (wOR=1.09; CI: 1.01–1.19). Our meta-analysis revealed that currently known biological factors are weak predictors of future suicidal behaviors. This conclusion should be interpreted within the context of the limitations of the existing literature, including long follow-up intervals and a lack of tests of interactions with other risk factors. Future studies addressing these limitations may more effectively test for potential biological risk factors.

Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Perceptions of cancer risk factors and socioeconomic status. A French study.

The paper examines theoretical and practical aspects of comprehensive risk management at bakery enterprises in Ukraine. The current state of the bakery industry is considered and the main risk factors affecting the activities of enterprises are identified. The specifics of various types of risks characteristic of bakery production are analyzed, including production and technological, market, financial, operational and strategic risks. The need for a systemic approach to risk management is justified, which involves the integration of the processes of identification, assessment, monitoring and control of risks into a single enterprise management system. Methodological principles for the formation of a comprehensive risk management system are proposed, which takes into account the industry specifics of bakery enterprises and the peculiarities of their functioning in modern economic conditions. Practical recommendations have been developed for the implementation of effective mechanisms for managing various types of risks, including methods for minimizing and transferring them. Particular attention has been paid to the issues of automating risk management processes, implementing quality control systems, optimizing production processes, and ensuring the financial stability of enterprises. Key areas for improving the risk management system in the context of ensuring the sustainable development of bakery enterprises have been identified. Approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the risk management system and mechanisms for its continuous improvement have been proposed. The importance of developing industry cooperation in the field of risk management and implementing innovative technologies has been substantiated. The results of the study have practical value for managers and specialists of bakery enterprises who seek to increase the effectiveness of risk management and ensure the sustainable development of their enterprises in a dynamic market environment. Keywords: risk management, bakery enterprises, integrated approach, management system, production risks, financial risks, operational risks, strategic risks, quality control, sustainable development.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease with etiology associated with genetic and epidemiologic factors. Family studies have served as the cornerstone of genetic research on CRC. Studies of multiple-case families led to the discovery of the best characterized CRC susceptibility syndromes: hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC; hereafter called Lynch syndrome) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). The primary genetic bases of these dominant, relatively high-penetrance syndromes were identified. However, somatic and epigenetic alterations in these same genes are involved in sporadic CRC as well. Although these changes are established causes of CRC, many important questions remain, specifically the relation of these genetic and also environmental risk factors in relation to CRC survival. The Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR) is an NCI-supported international resource established in 1997 to support interdisciplinary studies on the genetic, somatic, environmental, behavioral, and lifestyle risk factors for CRC. Case subjects with incident colon or rectal cancer were identified via regional, state, and provincial cancer registries in the U.S., Canada and Australasia. Now in its 18th year, the CCFR is the largest registry of colorectal cancers world-wide. In this study, we have now leveraged this cohort to examine the epidemiology, genetics, and molecular characteristics of outcomes after a diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Methods: Over 10,000 participants with incident CRC were recruited into the CCFR between 1998 and 2007 across six international sites; nearly 3,500 deaths have occurred. Each center had slight differences in design and sampling schemes, which ensured a resource that covers the continuum of disease risk for CRC. Risk-factor data, blood and tumor samples, and medical records were collected from participants using standardized protocols. Participants continue to be followed every 5 years for changes in common risk factors, surveillance, and new cancers. Vital status, including cause of death, is recorded. Tumors have been characterized for microsatellite instability (MSI) status, protein expression for mismatch repair mutations (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2), and for point mutations in BRAF V600E and KRAS codons 12 and 13. CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP) was measured in tumors demonstrating microsatellite instability and the somatic silencing of MLH1 due to DNA methylation was tested in tumors showing loss of MLH1 protein expression. Germline testing was conducted for MutYH mutations in all cases and for MMR gene mutations for all cases showing a loss of gene expression in the respective protein. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) will soon be completed on all cases. Analyses have been conducted using the CCFR case population as a whole, or using site subsets based on appropriate design and inclusion criteria. Results: Several factors known to be associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, such as physical activity and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), were also associated with improved survival, while other such factors, including hormone replacement therapy, were not. Elevated pre-diagnostic BMI was associated with increased risk but modestly elevated post-diagnostic BMI was associated with improved survival. A history of smoking was associated with both increased risk and worse survival. Family history of colorectal cancer, which has consistently been associated with increased risk of disease, was not found to be associated with survival. Similarly, we found in a screen of 18 genetic susceptibility loci, one identified locus in SMAD7 was also associated with survival, but others were not. Tumor microsatellite instability was strongly associated with improved survival. Cases with CIMP positive tumors and/or mutations in BRAF, and/or KRAS were each associated with higher mortality, particularly when those characteristics were combined, where a two-fold increase was observed in cases MSS, CIMP+, and positive for BRAF when compared to cases with MSS tumors and negative for all other markers; a 70% lower mortality was observed in cases with tumors characterized as MSI-high, non-CIMP, and negative for mutations in BRAF and KRAS. Conclusions: The CCFR has shed light on many environmental factors, genetics and tumor characteristics that are related to both incidence and survival. Information gained from studies using this resource provides insight into the biology of this common cancer and importantly may help target messaging on prevention, inform the development of interventions, or tailor recommendations for CRC survivorship care. The greater scientific community has access to this rich resource. Citation Format: Polly A. Newcomb. Understanding more about risk and prognostic factors: Lessons from the Colon Cancer Family Registry. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Colorectal Cancer: From Initiation to Outcomes; 2016 Sep 17-20; Tampa, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA27.

Cancer disparities represent a significant public health problem in the United States. Inequity in cancer screening, incidence, treatment, prognosis, and mortality is a hallmark of many common cancers ([1][1]). These disparities exist across groups defined by race, ethnicity, gender, age, and

Census-based and personally reported income measures as long-term risk-adjusted mortality predictors

Obesity among children and adolescents is a significant public health concern, influenced by a complex interplay of biological and behavioral factors. However, the extent to which these factors contribute to socioeconomic disparities in obesity remains inadequately understood. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the roles of behavioral factors -such as dietary habits, physical activity levels, and outdoor activities-alongside biological factors, including parental body weight, in shaping socioeconomic inequalities in obesity among Australian children and adolescents. This study utilized data from the Birth Cohort (n=5101) and Kindergarten Cohort (n=4983) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). LSAC data have been collected biannually since 2004 for the B cohort and since 2000 for the K cohort. The study employed Concentration Index and Decomposition Index analyses to assess the magnitude and to identify the relative contributions of socioeconomic inequalities in obesity, focusing on the contributions of behavioral and biological factors. The analysis revealed that socioeconomic disparities in obesity among children and adolescents were significantly influenced by both biological and behavioral factors, as well as household income. Biological factors were found to account for 28.96% of these disparities, while household income contributed 49.17%, and behavioral factors explained 10.36% of the inequalities. Moreover, non-consumption of fatty foods and outdoor activities were found to be associated with a decrease in obesity by [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] respectively. However, non-consumption of fruits and vegetables and maternal BMI were significantly correlated with an increased risk of obesity in children ([Formula: see text]) and adolescents ([Formula: see text]) respectively. These findings provide critical insights into the distribution of obesity across different socioeconomic groups in Australia, highlighting the substantial role of household income and the combined impact of biological and behavioral factors. The results emphasize the importance of developing targeted public health interventions that support families from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to reduce obesity-related disparities.