The rise of the Taliban to the government in Afghanistan: assessment of internal and external factors

The aim of this research is to investigate the role of women in public administration at Kandahar University in Afghanistan. The chapter collects information through questionnaires among local university students and staff to identify factors that can contribute to women playing a more significant role in public administration and suggest recommendations aimed at boosting the role of women. Additionally, the research explores the reasons why women currently have limited involvement in areas related to public administration and the local government system in Kandahar. It also examines the challenges faced by local women and propose ways in which the government can address these issues and provide employment and higher education opportunities. Lastly, the research emphasizes the need for the Afghan government to ensure the safety and security of women within government institutions. The ultimate goal of this research is to contribute to the advancement of women's rights in Afghanistan and empower them to hold senior positions in government agencies, both in Kandahar and nationwide.

An ironic ramification of the tragedy of September 11 and the subsequent demise of the Taliban government in Afghanistan seems to be an unprecedented rise in the international prominence of issues concerning the rights and status of women in the Islamic world. This increased international attention to women's quest for equal civil and human rights and a better appreciation of women's agency in the modernization and democratization of the Islamic world can be a welcome development. The significance of this potentially positive turn is better appreciated when we bear in mind that if it were not for the outrage and protest widely expressed by international feminist groups, especially Afghan women activists and American feminists, the US government, prompted by some oil companies, would probably have recognized the Taliban government. Perhaps it would have taken no less than the September 11 wake up call for many officials to speak out against the blatant violations of women's rights in Afghanistan. The worldwide outcry against the Taliban's destruction of a few historic statues in Bamiyan was indeed much louder and wider than those raised against their daily abuse of women and blatant violations of women's/human rights in Afghanistan. The increased attention of Western leaders towards the rights of Muslim women will probably be short-lived, but advocates of women's rights can work to turn this development into long-lasting progress. This problem must be approached on two fronts. On the one hand, how can we transform interest in Muslim women's rights into an effective and long-term foreign policy (including foreign aid) on the part of Western governments? On the other, how can we mobilize new resources in support of Muslim women's grassroots activism, which can exert effective pressure on the governments and ruling elites of Muslim societies and force concrete legal reforms and policy change? First, we need to turn this increased and at times "otherizing" attention into a deeper awareness of the complexity of the "Muslim women question," its commonalities as well as its differences with the "women question" in non-Muslim countries, its historical roots and present interconnectedness to broader national and international socio-economic and political problems in the global context. Starting with a brief review of the global state of women's rights in general and a comparative historical background of Muslim women's rights in particular, this paper will attempt to make the following arguments and policy recommendations: 1. Historically speaking, sexism has not been peculiar to the Islamic world or to the Islamic religion; 2. What is peculiar is that a visible gap has emerged in modern times between the Islamic world and the Christian West with regard to the degree of egalitarian improvement in women's rights; 3. This gap has been due to the legacy of colonialism, underdevelopment, defective modernization, the weakness of a modern middle class, democratic deficit, the persistence of cultural and religious patriarchal constructs such as sharia due to failure of reform and secularization within Islam, and weakness of civil society organizations - especially women's organizations - in the Muslim world; 4. The recent surge in identity politics, Islamism and religio-nationalist movements is in part due to socio-economic and cultural dislocation, polarization and alienation caused by modernization, Westernization and globalization, and in part is a "patriarchal protest movement" in reaction to the challenges that the emergence of modern middle class women poses to traditional patriarchal gender relations; 5. Processes of democratization, civil society building, consolidation of civil rights and universal human/women's rights are intertwined with reformation in Islam, feminist discourse and women's movements. Gender has become the blind spot of democratization in the Islamic world; 6. In terms of national and international policy implications, it should be recognized that women and youth have become the main forces of modernization and democratization in the Islamic world. Democracy cannot be consolidated without a new generation of Muslim leaders and state-elites who are more aware of the new realities of a globalized world and more committed to universal women's/human rights; 7. To win the war against terrorism and patriarchal Islamism, we need more than military might. In the short- and medium-term, a just resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict can alter the present social psychological milieu that has allowed the growth of extremism and male-biased identity politics; and 8. In the long-term, democratization and comprehensive gender-sensitive development seems to be the only effective strategy. A significant component of this strategy has to be Islamic reformation, which requires international dialogue with and support for egalitarian and democratic voices in the Muslim world.

Companies should chooseproper competitive tools to be successful in their environment. Beingsuccessful is closely associated with being competitive. Therefore, at the beginning of this work, ageneral look to Competitiveness is taken. In addition to this, the reasons forcompanies to compete are explained. Furthermore, the external and internalfactors related to competitiveness are listed. In further sections, the exampleof Gübretaş is assessed with internal and external competitive factors and itscompetitive tools are explained. Advices for Gübretaş to be more competitiveare also given. In this paper, the reasons for companies to compete are statedand external and internal factors affecting the competition level of companiesare explained. Combination of these external and internal factors affects levelof the competition, In other words, it affects the success of thecompanies. Therefore, the companiesshould deeply analyze these factors, so that they can choose the bestcombination of tools for competition. Being more competitive let the companiesgain more market share in their field. Being big gives advantages for companies. The reason for this is thatbig companies can have more sources than other ordinary companies. Thesecompanies use tools like price, promotion, etc to compete with ordinarycompanies. Therefore, if today’s companies want to obtain success in thecompetition, they should increase their sources as much as possible to defendthemselves against attacks by their competitors. To do this, they shoulddetermine the best practices for competition.

Inmates have a great potential to generate pressures that make them unhappy. This can lead to stress and tend to have a desire to commit suicide. To minimize this they need the ability to look for happiness in order to reduce the negative impact arising from the situation in prisons. There are two factors that affect happiness is internal and external factors. Internal factors, there are 3 (three), namely the satisfaction of the past, optimism about the future, and happiness in the present. External factors are 5 (five), namely social life, religion or religiosity, marriage, money and health. This study used qualitative techniques in analyzing the data. Data were obtained through interviews and observations. The number of research subjects are four people according to specified criteria. The results showed on the subject C supporting factors of happiness comes from internal and external factors likely to be achieved, on the subject W and D tend to be achieved on the factors supporting the happiness derived from external factors alone. On the subject of A tends not achieved the supporting factors of happiness derived from external and internal factors. The conclusion from this study is only one subject that is the subject of C which tends achieved in supporting factors of happiness derived from external and internal factors, the remaining three subjects achieved only on external happiness factors alone, or internal only. If the views of external and internal factors supporting factors of happiness, of 4 subjects only 3 subjects tend to be achieved in the happiness of external factors, while the source of happiness internal factors, of 4 subjects only one subject that tends to be achieved. Keywords : Happiness, Women Prisoners

The article identifies and mathematically substantiates vectors of reforming the financial monitoring system based on the synergistic approach in the cross-country context by developing scenarios by selecting internal and external factors that stimulate money laundering. The key external and internal factors of the money laundering process intensification are indicated. Competitive advantages of the anti-money laundering processes, the achievement of which is possible in terms of key external and internal factors for activation of money laundering process are formed. The relationship between the key internal and external factors of money laundering intensification and competitive advantages by building a binary characteristic matrix is formed. The synergy effect made by the mutual influence of simultaneously acting internal and external factors – a quantitative feature of the further strategy of the financial monitoring system reforming in terms of cross-country analysis is calculated. An economic-mathematical model for evaluating and interpreting strategy for improving the financial monitoring system in terms of cross-country context based on integer optimization is developed. In the article, there is calculation of the number of competitive advantages received by each observed country, without considering the possible synergy effect of mutual influence of simultaneously acting internal and external factors on each other. Moreover, there is quantitative assessment of the synergy effect made by the emergence of additional competitive advantages due to a certain combination of simultaneous influence made by external and internal factors of the money laundering intensification. The “ideal” situation of the possibility of gaining all possible competitive advantages in reforming the financial monitoring system in terms of cross-country context by overcoming internal and external factors stimulating the money laundering is studied. The results of the cross-country analysis form a basis for the further formalization of the limits for quantitative evaluation of the developed strategies through a uniform distribution.

Since the fall of the republic government in Afghanistan on August 15, 2021, the situation for women's education has regressed drastically. This article explores the multifaceted impact of Afghanistan's Current DeFacto government policies on women's educational opportunities. With a historical overview of women's rights in Afghanistan, this article delves into the current restrictions imposed by the regime, including the ban on women's higher education and the limited scope of semi-higher education. This highlights the significant challenges faced by Afghan women, such as cultural barriers, economic hardships, and restrictive policies on women's rights. The article also discusses potential solutions, including international pressure, infrastructure development, and cultural shifts towards a more inclusive interpretation of Islam. By examining these factors, this article aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the ongoing struggle for women's rights and education in Afghanistan while emphasizing the resilience of Afghan women and the crucial role of global advocacy in supporting their fight for equality.

This research aims to discuss about analysis of United States foreign policy in Afghanistan by looking at case studies of the victory of the Taliban group controlling Afghanistan in 2021. Foreign policy is a unit of analysis in international relations that is related to the national political system. This strategy carried out in foreign policy lasts if the State interacts in the form of relations with the international community in making decisions to achieve its national goals. In making broad country decisions, there is a theory expressed by Richard Snyder which says there are internal factors and external factors that influence a country in determining foreign policy. In the case of the Taliban's victory over Afghanistan in 2021, the United States' policy in responding to the conflict explained the internal and external factors that influence each other. Internal factors are influenced by the structure and social behavior of the State, where this is influenced by the ideology of the State, existing government institutions in the State, where this is influenced by the ideology of the State, existing government institutions in the State, the characteristics contained in national organizational institutions and the role of social groups in influencing decision making which are internal factors. The existence of internal and external factors then provides the results of the decision-making process that cannot be separated from action in decision-making. The conclusion, internal factors and external factors that influence the direction of the United States foreign policy in dealing with cases of conflict in Afghanistan have an impact on the victory of the Taliban group in controlling Afghanistan in 2021.

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>Employees are the main capital in a company or organization including hospitals. Good health services are produced by hospital employees who have great motivation in working. Motivation is influenced by basic human needs including physiological needs, a sense of belonging, a sense of security, self-actualization, and appreciation. This study aims to determine and assess external and internal factors that affect employee motivation at Materna Hospital Medan. This research is quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach. The population of all employees working at Materna Hospital Medan amounted to 137 people and all of them were sampled. Data collection techniques through questionnaire dissemination, documentation, and literature study. The analysis method uses univariate, multivariate, and bivariate analysis using multiple linear regression equations. Research findings show that internal factors in the form of recognition affect employee motivation at Materna Medan Hospital while internal factors in the form of responsibility and work itself do not influence. External factors in the form of compensation, supervisors, and relationships with colleagues affect the motivation of employees at Materna Medan Hospital while external factors in the form of working conditions do not influence. Internal and external factors that predominantly influence motivation are internal factors in the form of recognition. It is recommended to hospital management/leaders give statements of recognition to employees according to their performance, and compensate accordingly and supervisors should understand the nature and characteristics of employees who are subordinates to be able to provide appropriate motivation.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong><em>Keywords : Internal Factors, External Factors, Work Motivation, Hospital Employees</em></strong></p>

The article explores methods for assessing a company's performance and describes the impact of external and internal factors and methods for measuring them. The concept of self-management, self-management factors, and a model of the impact of self-management on company performance are described. Given the realities of today's highly competitive and constantly changing market, companies are forced to seek competitive advantages such as better quality, marketing strategy, customer service level, etc. Considering the pace of market development, an important competitive advantage can be the improvement of internal efficiency in the middle of the company and the optimization of business processes. By improving the quality of internal business processes, companies gain an advantage in terms of quality, speed of customer service, etc. The article describes the internal and external factors that affect the efficiency of the company. Internal factors include factors that arise within the company, and external factors include factors that the company has no direct influence on, but must take them into account when conducting business. During the construction of the model, both external and internal factors were taken into account. The model describes the influence of all external and internal factors. The concept of self-management, its main components and the influence of self-management on the company's performance are also described. Given the high level of digitization in modern conditions, self-management and management in general should be completed using modern means. The proposal model describes the effectiveness of the company's activities by selected divisions, the influence of external and internal factors, as well as the influence of self-management, which is implemented with the help of modern software tools. We can note that the implementation of a mobile application for self-management, which will be integrated into the general management system of the company, will help to level internal factors and reduce the influence of external factors, as well as increase the efficiency of the company's activities to improve the efficiency of internal business processes.

BACKGROUND:Development of Health Index becomes important in measuring development. The development of the Health Index in Aceh Province is influenced by several internal and external factors.AIM:The purpose of this study was to analyse the factors that influence the health index as well as formulate a health index development strategy for Aceh ProvinceMETHODS:The method used is quantitative with a survey approach. This research was conducted from January to March 2019 in Aceh Province. Participants were determined as many as 50 stakeholders using the purposive sampling method. Data was collected in the form of primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through questionnaires and interviews with key stakeholders such as the Aceh Provincial Government, regional authorities within the Aceh Province (Agency, Bureau, Office, Hospital, etc. Secondary data was obtained from relevant research reports, government regulations, and others. The SWOT analysis was used to identify internal and external factors, strategies for developing the health index of the Aceh Province.RESULTS:Sixteen factors influence the development of a health index in the province of Aceh. Analysis of internal and external factors has identified five strength factors, six weakness factors, five opportunity factors, and five threat factors. The internal factors (strength) that influence the development of the health index are the increasing role of the provincial government in improving health (0.437). Internal factors (weaknesses) that influence the development of health indices in the province of Aceh are the low quality of human resources in the health sector (0.336). External factors (opportunities) that influence the development of health indices in Aceh province are support from the central government with a value (0.399). External factors that pose a threat to the development of health indices in Aceh province are the ability of the community to finance health with a value (0.437). The results of the SWOT analysis of the condition of the development of the health index are currently in squared II (Strategy Diversification). This condition shows that the development of the health index faces a big threat. Alternative strategies for the development of health indices can be done by increasing the allocation of health spending, increasing partnerships with the private sector in implementing health programs, cooperation between the central, provincial and district governments in improving policies and improving service quality.CONCLUSION:Some factors influence the development of the Health Index in Aceh Province. Internal factors are the role of the provincial government in improving health, and the low quality of human resources in the health sector. While external factors are the existence of support from the central government, and the ability of the community to finance health.

This study is focused on analyzing the dependence of identity on internal and external factors and emphasizing the conditions of its realization. In this article, I delve into the understanding of identity formation and outline the conditions that affect the realization of identity through the consideration of existing theoretical positions in the field of identity. In this regard, the understanding of identity, the dependence of its formation and functioning on internal and external factors is specified. The scientific novelty of this study consists in clarifying the influence of external and internal factors on the construction and functioning of identity and highlighting the possibility of false definition of the subject’s identity. The complex system and dynamics of interaction include many components that can affect the realization of identity. The realization of identity includes the consistent formation of the subject’s representation of oneself and the actualization of this representation, which is related to the expectations and requirements of the social space and the real regularities of the subject’s existence in the world. Topical theoretical positions on the formation and functioning of identity touch upon the problem of the impact of internal (personal) and external (social) factors. The internal factors of identity construction and realization include genetic and neurobiological features, values, motivational sphere, needs, moral responsibility, experience, skills and abilities, internal structure and dynamics of the psyche, and meaning. External factors include culture, social environment, education, social institutions, political movements, macro-social processes, and social relations. Globalization and virtualization put an additional burden on the preservation of identity. This article identifies the conditions of identity realization: possession of certain qualities and characteristics; reading of these qualities with minimization of distortions; inclusion in social relations and acceptance of the impact of external factors; actualization of identity in action; acceptance of identity by “others”. From violations of the conditions of formation of identity can be formed a corresponding type of unrealized identity: untenable, substituted, latent, residual, confrontational, false-recognized. The basis for the fulfillment of the conditions of identity realization is the absence of conflict between internal and external factors that determine the subject’s identity.

Relevance of the research topic. In modern conditions of society development, the restoration of balanced economic growth to improve the standard and quality of life of the population is an important strategic priority of the public financial management system. Achieving this priority involves the implementation of a set of consistent and interconnected institutional changes in the public finance system, aimed at systematically increasing the level of competitiveness of the domestic economy, reducing its dependence on external conditions. Formulation of the problem. The impact of adverse external and internal factors on the domestic public finance system has led to increasing macroeconomic imbalances, reduced domestic consumption and investment. This highlighted the issue of adapting the public financial management system to the new socio-economic conditions of the country's development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problem of improving the quality of public finance management system is revealed in many scientific studies of domestic and foreign scientists: J. Keynes, P. Samuelson, J. Stiglitz, S. Kucherenko, L. Levaeva, L. Lysyak, I. Lukyanenko, L. Marmul, V. Makogon,V. Fedosov, I. Chugunov and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. A new wave of negative external and internal factors, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic, is exacerbating Ukraine's rapid economic recovery. Against the background of the recession, the prospects for economic growth are difficult. There is a high level of uncertainty about the stability and stability of the public finance system. In this regard, an important task is the rapid implementation of adaptive measures of the public financial management system aimed at activating new factors of economic growth. It is necessary to ensure balanced economic development by increasing the level of factor productivity, increasing the efficiency of financial and budgetary tools, improving the institutional structure of the public finance system. Problem statement, research goals. The objectives of the study are: to substantiate the role of public financial management in enhancing the country's economic growth in terms of increasing the impact of negative internal and external factors; identify the features of the public finance management system; to analyze and evaluate the operations of the general government sector of Ukraine. The aim of the study is to reveal the vectors of development of the public financial management system in modern conditions. Method or methodology of the study. To achieve the goal of the article, a set of general scientific and special methods was used: theoretical generalization and comparison; systemic; comparative analysis; scientific abstraction. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The role of the public financial management system in intensifying the pace of economic growth of the country in the conditions of increasing influence of negative internal and external factors is revealed. The peculiarities of the public finance management system are determined. The analysis and assessment of operations of the general government sector of Ukraine is carried out. The vectors of development of the public finance management system in modern conditions are revealed. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the process of reforming the public financial management system. Conclusions in accordance with the article. Public finance management at a qualitatively new level in the context of increasing negative external and internal factors, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic will ensure macroeconomic stability in the country through a combination of tools of the public administration system. An effective public financial management system will create conditions for the country's economic growth.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of external and internal factors on academic resilience. This study is more apt to examine the critical role of internal protective factors in students’ academic resilience. Child rearing attitudes or parenting style and ecological education value perception were included as external factors and academic self-efficacy and academic motivation as internal factors. Within the scope of this purpose, the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS) was adapted to Turkish, and the Ecological Education Value Perception Scale (EEVPS) was developed. The model testing with structural equation modeling indicated that internal factors play a mediating role between external factors and academic resilience. Internal protective factors of academic motivation and academic self-efficacy were found to mediate between external factors of parenting style and ecological education value and academic resilience. It was concluded that even having external protective factors for resilience, we still need internal protective factors to become academically more resilient. The current study’s results showed that the existence of intrinsic motivation and protective features can be considered a prerequisite for academic resilience. The results are discussed in light of previous studies and within the limitations of this study.

Entrepreneurial activities are the power source of promoting a country’s economic development and social progress. Entrepreneurial intention can well predict entrepreneurial activities. Based on the framework of integration analysis, this paper explores the external and internal factors that affect individual entrepreneurial intention. The binary logistic regression method was used to analyze 121,613 valid data samples from 48 countries in the 2018 Adult Population Survey (APS). The results show that entrepreneurial opportunity, entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial ability, entrepreneurial attitude, and other internal and external factors have significant positive effects on individual entrepreneurial intention. At the same time, the interaction of internal and external factors has a significant positive effect on individual entrepreneurial intention. The interaction of internal and external factors also has significant positive impact on individual entrepreneurial intention. Individual willingness to start a business is influenced by multiple factors such as entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial opportunity, entrepreneurial ability, and entrepreneurial attitude. It is a comprehensive balance of an individual’s possible risks, benefits, and abilities to start a business, and a comprehensive result of wanting to do something (external opportunities and network relations), ability (knowledge and skills), and daring to do something (risk attitude).

Both internal and environmental factors influence the trade-offs animals make between foraging and antipredator vigilance. However, few studies examine both internal and environmental factors simultaneously, preventing us from drawing inferences about their relative importance during foraging. We capitalized on a long-term study of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to compare the relative importance of internal state-based factors versus external environmental factors in explaining variation in marmot foraging and vigilance behavior. Results indicate that while internal factors such as baseline fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, parasite infection, and body condition influence the time allocated to both foraging and vigilance, environmental factors such as group size and habitat characteristics only explain variation in the time allocated to vigilance. Thus, our findings reveal not only the importance of considering effects of both internal and environmental factors in explaining behavioral trade-offs but also the value in evaluating the subtle ways in which factors explaining vigilance and foraging differ. Studies on foraging and vigilance typically focus either on internal or environmental factors that influence behavior. This paper makes contributions to the field by integrating both internal factors, such as parasite infection, body condition, and fecal glucocorticoid hormone levels, and external factors, such as group size and habitat characteristics, in evaluation of behavioral trade-offs. We find that foraging and vigilance are affected differently by internal and external factors. This highlights the fact that even though foraging and vigilance are closely related, they are unique behaviors and there are opportunities in understanding how the factors that influence them differ.