The revision of international science indicators:: The Frascati manual

Abstract

Science indicators have become an important tool in the development of science, technology, and innovation policy in the industrialized world. Indeed, the advent of these indicators is closely tied to the rise of science and technology policy studies generally since the early 1960s. Although it is not a comprehensive guide to the full range of measurement techniques available — such as bibliometrics or citation analysis, the OECD's Frascati Manual has become the preeminent document for the internationally standardized definitions of scientific and technological activity for statistical purposes. It is through this Manual that policy makers, policy analysts, economists, and statisticians in the OECD countries are able to discuss the relative performance of countries in terms of R&D expenditures and personnel. This paper discusses, in very general terms, the genesis and development of The Frascati Manual, from pre-1963 to the most recent Frascati meetings in October, 1991, in Rome. It shows the creation and maintenance of the manual as a case of international diplomacy and negotiation. cooperation, and perseverance on the part of individuals. It places the manual within the dynamic context of the new world industrial and political order. Most specifically, it offers but a brief summary of the author's observations of the major outcomes from that meeting.