THE RESPONSE OF A NEW WHEAT LINE OBTAINED IN THE PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF A.R.D.S. - ALBOTA

Fifty-two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), nine spring wheat, and 20 spelt (Triticum spelta L.) lines representing part of the European breeding germplasm, were assayed for RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) with 56 wheat DNA clones and two barley cDNA clones. Objectives of this study were to (1) determine the level of variation for RFLPs in the wheat and spelt breeding lines, (2) characterize the genetic diversity within the European winter wheat germplasm, and (3) evaluate the usefulness of RFLP markers for pedigree analysis and the grouping of wheat and spelt lines of various origins. Seventy-three of the 166 RFLP loci detected with 58 probes and one restriction enzyme were polymorphic for the 81 lines. The percentage of polymorphic loci was greatest for the B genome (58%) and smallest for the D genome (21%). Among the 81 lines, 271 different RFLP bands were detected. RFLP band frequencies of the winter wheat lines differed considerably (≥0.5) from those of the spring wheat lines at five loci, and from those of the spelt lines at 17 loci. Eight cultivars that had a major impact as progenitors on the development of improved winter wheat cultivars accounted for 93% of the observed RFLP bands in winter wheat. Genetic distance (GD) estimates between two lines ranged between 0.01 and 0.21. Mean GD estimates within winter wheat (0.083), within spring wheat (0.108) and within spelt (0.096) were smaller than between spring and winter wheat (0.114), and greatest between winter wheat and spelt (0.132) and spring wheat and spelt (0.148). Principal coordinate analysis performed on GD estimates revealed a clear separation of wheat and spelt germplasm. Novel spelt lines with various proportions of wheat germplasm were positioned between wheat and traditional spelt lines. The spring wheat lines formed a distinct group at the periphery of the distribution of the winter wheat lines. Subgroupings of the winter wheat lines according to the cluster analysis were in good agreement with their origin, and lines with common ancestors were grouped together.

Inheritance of Six Yield Components of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The wheat varietie, s: C273. MexiPak 65 and Chenab 70 and their mutant lines: 3, 17, 216, 244, 399 and 432 derived after a treatment with different doses of gamma radiation from C06^0 source, were grown in a randomized complete block design at Nuclear Institute fcr Agriculture and Biology, Lyallpur. Correlations between various morphological characters and yield component were worked out. Pleduction in plant height from optimum level showed an adverse effect on one thousand grain weight and yield per plant except semi-dwarf mutant line 216. Plant height was negatively correlated with spike length and number of spikelets per spike. Spike length showed a positive correlation with number of spikelets per spike and yield per plant. Correlation between number of spikelets per spike and one thousand grain weight was negative.

Topicality. The main task of winter wheat breeding is to increase productivity, therefore, the development and introduction of new varieties of winter wheat with high productivity potential being well adapted to changing growing conditions into agricultural production is an urgent area of research. Breeders' efforts are aimed at developing varieties with a successful combination of high parameters of all the main productivity elements in one genotype, which will maximise grain yield. Breeding work is determined by many factors, among which the search and development of new genetic sources with high performance indicators. Therefore, the peculiarities of yield potential realization and the study of the mechanisms of productivity element formation under changing meteorological conditions are important for establishing the response rate and selecting the most stable productive genotypes and their further involvement in breeding programs. Purpose. To identify the best varieties and breeding lines of winter wheat in terms of productivity elements in the environment of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine for their involvement in crossbreeding programmes. Methods. Visual – phenological observations; laboratory-field – determination of biometric indicators; mathematical and statistical – establishing the reliability of the obtained data. Results. It was found that the maximum realisation of the yield potential of winter wheat plants by structural elements occurred under optimal growing conditions such as in years with higher moisture availability and sowing on 5 October. Yield formation was significantly influenced by the weather conditions of the year, genotype and unaccounted factors. Sowing dates had a significant effect only on the manifestation of the plant height trait. There was a minor variation (3.8 %÷5.5 %) in plant height in all varieties and breeding lines. Different levels of variability were found for the following traits: number of productive stems varied from Cv=16.4 % (second sowing date in the dry 2019/20) to Cv=27.6 % (first sowing date in the favourable 2020/21); main head grain content and thousand grain weight – Cv=10.7÷17.6 % and Cv=8.8÷16.9 %, respectively. Regardless of varietal characteristics, the main spike length had insignificant (Сv=5.6÷8.8 %) phenotypic variability with a range of variation of 0.2–2.0 cm. There were determined the variability levels of traits by the spikelet number per spike (Сv=5.7 %÷8.6 %), by grain weight per spike (Сv=13.1÷20.5 %) and per plant (Сv=20.5÷36.3 %). Conclusions. The varieties MIP Assol, Hratsiia MYR, MIP Dniprianka, MIP Yuvileina and breeding lines LUT 55198, LUT 37519 consistently formed a high level of productivity elements regardless of sowing dates and conditions of the growing year, which indicates their high adaptive capacity. They are recommended for breeding programmes as valuable parental components. Key words: productivity parameters, trait, variation, sowing date, year conditions

Grain yield in rice is a complex trait and highly dependent on the other agronomic characters. Agronomic characters and grain yield of twenty traditional rice cultivars were evaluated at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna in Maha-2010/2011 and in Yala - 2011. The experiment was conducted according to the randomized complete block design with three replicates. Twenty plants from each cultivar were evaluated for the selected characters, Plant height, Leaf blade length, Leaf blade width, Number of tillers, Number of reproductive tillers, Panicle length, Number of spikelets per panicle, Number of fertile spikelets per panicle, Number of infertile spikelets per panicle, Seed length, Seed width, 100 seed weight and Yield per plant. Recommended modern rice cultivar Bg 379/2 was used as the reference. Deviations of each character in different traditional rice cultivars from those of recommended rice cultivar Bg 379/2 were recorded. The average plant height of the tallest rice cultivar, Podihatatha was 198 cm and that of the shortest rice cultivar, Rathranwee was 68 cm. The longest leafblade and longest culm length were also belonged to (9.6 tillers per plant) and the highest average number of reproductive tillers (9 per plant), were recorded by rice cultivar Mahasudu wee. The highest value of 100 seed weight was recorded by rice cultivar Galpa wee. However, the most important economical character, the highest yield per plant(28.52g/plant) was recorded by Thanthiribalan which was significantly higher than that of in the recommended rice cultivar Bg 379/2 (26.5 g/plant). Significant correlations were found between the yield per plant and the characters such as number of reproductive tillers (r = 0.692), panicle length (r =0.565) and number of spikelets per panicle (r = 0.761). Agronomic data collected in the present study would be important to understand the suitability of an individual rice cultivar for the farmer field. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jur.v1i1.6150 Journal of the University of Ruhuna 2013 1(1): 3-9

The number one goal of most rice improvement programmes around the world is breeding for high potential to take care of the increasing consumption of rice. The objective of this experiment was to study the inheritance of yield and yield components and to estimate the heritabilities of important quantitative traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Six generations viz., P1, P2, F1, F2, BCP1 and BCP2 of a cross between IET6279 and IR70445-146-3-3 were used for the study. Generation mean analysis suggested that additive effects had a major role for the expression of plant height, number of panicles, number of spikelets per panicle, percentage spikelets fertility per plant and grain yield per plant, which further suggested that phenotypic selection was possible at an early stage. Both additive and non-additive gene actions were important for the expression of number of fertile spikelets per panicle and 100-grain weight. Therefore, selection for these characters would be fruitful, if delayed till epistasis effects are reduced to a minimum. High broad sense heritability estimates were observed for characters viz. plant height and 100-grain weight, suggesting that the characters under study are less influenced by environment in their expression. Thus, selection based on phenotypic value of these characters would be reliable and effective. Low estimates of broad sense heritability were observed for number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, number of fertile spikelets per panicle, percentage spikelets fertility per plant and grain yield per plant, indicating that influence of the environment was high for these characters. Therefore, superior genotypes selection based on phenotypic performance for these characters may not effective. Key Words: Additive, gene action, heritability, inheritance, non- additive, rice

Aim. Determination of the degree and frequency of positive transgressions by the number of ears of the main spike in F2 populations created by crossing varieties of soft winter wheat of different maturity depending on the hydrothermal conditions of the year and selection of economically valuable biotypes for subsequent breeding work. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical. Results. In the majority of F2 populations, created by hybridization of soft winter wheat varieties of different vegetation periods, a significant form-making process took place in terms of the number of spikelets in the main spike. The experimental data obtained indicate a significant effect of matched pairs before hybridization and hydrothermal conditions of the year on the manifestation and formation of the number of spikelet’s in an ear F2. So, under the conditions of 2019, the majority of F2 populations for the number of spikelet’s in the main spike (17.4–21.5 pcs.) Significantly exceeded the parental forms. A positive degree (Td = 5.3–33.3 %) and the frequency of transgression (Tf = 3.3–96.7 %) were found in 85.7 % of the populations. In 2020, the average population number of spikelets in the main spike (15.0–18.6 pcs.) Was significantly less. When used in hybridization of early maturing varieties by the parent form, the decrease in the number of spikelets was 0.5–19.9 %. At the same time, for crossing mid-early, mid-ripening and mid-late varieties, the number of spikelets decreased by 2.8–28.9 %. Thus, it can be argued that populations in which early maturing varieties were the maternal form are less exposed to unfavorable conditions of the year. A positive degree (Td = 5.3–38.9 %) and the frequency of recombinants (Tf = 3.3–46.7 %), under the conditions of 2020, was established in 35 out of 42 F2 populations, which amounted to 83.3 %. Conclusions. The use of winter wheat varieties of different early maturity in hybridization in most cases contributes to the formation of F2 in populations and the selection of positive transgressive biotypes by the number of spikelets in the main spike. Conducted studies have established a significant effect of the parental forms used in hybridization and the hydrothermal conditions of the year on the formation of the number of spikelets in the main spike in F2 populations of soft winter wheat. Populations where the early maturing varieties were the maternal form are characterized by a more stable manifestation of the number of spikelets in the main spike. The decrease in the number of spikelets in 2020 compared to 2019 was 0.5–19.9 % for 2.8–28.9 % in populations obtained by hybridization of mid-early, mid-ripening and mid-late varieties. In years with contrasting hydrothermal conditions, hybrid populations F2 were identified, which formed more than the average F2 number of spikelets in the main spike and had high rates of the degree and frequency of positive transgressions, namely: Mironovskaya early / Kolchuga; Kolchuga / Stolichnaya; Shchedraia niva / Vidrada; Antonovka / Stolichnaya.

The State of Mato Grosso shows potential for cultivation of irrigated wheat, but there is a need for technical information for crop management in rainfed system. In this context, aim was to evaluate the yield components and yield of rainfed wheat cultivars under different sowing dates in the city of Tangara da Serra-MT. The experimental design was a 4x2 factorial scheme, with four cultivars (IAC 350 Bright Guamirim and BR 18) and two sowing dates (23/02/2011 and 19/03/2011). It was found that the first time sowing provided higher averages for yield components: plant height, number of tillers and productivity by about 4 cm, 11.4 and 183.2 kg ha-1, respectively. No significant difference among cultivars and interaction between factors for the components: number of plants, number of tillers, plant height, tiller fertility, number of spikelets per spike, number of spikelets per spike filled, number of blank spikelets per spike, spikelet fertility and number of ears and yield in kg ha -1 . Plant height differed

In a 2-years experiment, 30 wheat cultivars and 21 landraces from different countries were tested under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Plant height, number of sterile spikelets per spike, spikelets per spike, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight per spike, 1000 kernel weight and grain yield were evaluated. The number of kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight and especially yield were more sensitive to drought stress in the cultivars than plant height and number of spikelets per spike, while in the landraces these traits did not differ under drought stress compared to near optimum conditions. The average yield of cultivars was significantly better than the average yield of landraces under near optimum as well as drought stress conditions. Path coefficient analysis showed that for cultivars under near optimum conditions there was no significant direct association of any of the analysed characters with yield, while under drought stress conditions, number of kernels per spike had a significant positive direct effect. Under drought stress conditions, the number of sterile spikelets displayed a negative direct effect, while kernel weight per spike had a positive direct effect on yield. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used as a tool to classify cultivars and landraces according to their yield ability under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Among the cultivars, two groups out of five and among one of three in the landraces were characterised by high yields in both near optimum as well as under drought stress conditions. These genotypes may serve as sources of germplasm for breeding for drought tolerance.

Aims: To understand the relationship between individual trait and yield of one hundred rice cultivars according to Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Study Design: Completely randomized block design with four replicates. Twenty plants were evaluated in each replicate and eighty plants were evaluated in each cultivar in four replicates. Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka in 2011-2013. Methodology: Data were collected in 80 plants of four replicates on: plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of fertile tillers per plant panicle length (cm), panicle weight (g), number of spikelets per panicle, number of fertile spikelets per panicle, 100 grain weight (g), days to maturity and yield per plant (g). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated using SPSS. Results: According to statistical analysis grain yield was significantly and highly correlated with number of fertile spikelets/panicle (r = 0.765), panicle weight (r = 0.727), number of spikelets/panicle (r = 0.638), filled grain percentage (r = 0.620), number of fertile tillers/plant (r = 0.611), number of tillers/plant (r = 0.575). Hundred grain weight (r = 0.336) and plant height (r = 0.278) were also correlated with at 1% significant level. None of the studied trait was negatively correlated with the yield. Conclusion: Fertile spikelets per panicle, panicle weight, number of spikelet per panicle

FHB resistance shared pleiotropic loci with plant height and anther retention. Genomic prediction allows to select for genomic background reducing FHB susceptibility in the presence of the dwarfing allele Rht-D1b. With the high interest for semi-dwarf cultivars in wheat, finding locally adapted resistance sources against Fusarium head blight (FHB) and FHB-neutral reduced height (Rht) genes is of utmost relevance. In this study, 401 genotypes of European origin without/with dwarfing alleles of Rht-D1 and/or Rht24 were analysed across five environments on FHB severity and the morphological traits such as plant height(PH), anther retention(AR), number of spikelets per ear, ear length and ear density. Data were analysed by combined correlation and path analyses, association mapping and coupling single- and multi-trait genome-wide association studies (ST-GWAS and MT-GWAS, respectively) and genomic prediction (GP). All FHB data were corrected for flowering date or heading stage. High genotypic correlation (rg = 0.74) and direct path effect (0.57) were detected between FHB severity and anther retention (AR). Moderate correlation (rg = -0.55) was found between FHB severity and plant height (PH) with a high indirect path via AR (-0.31). Indirect selection for FHB resistance should concentrate on AR and PH. ST-GWAS identified 25 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB severity, PH and AR, while MT-GWAS detected six QTL across chromosomes 2A, 4D, 5A, 6B and 7B conveying pleiotropic effects on the traits. Rht-D1b was associated with high AR and FHB susceptibility. Our study identified a promising positively acting pleiotropic QTL on chromosome 7B which can be utilized to improve FHB resistance while reducing PH and AR. Rht-D1b genotypes having a high resistance genomic background exhibited lower FHB severity and AR. The use of GP for estimating the genomic background was more effective than selection of GWAS-detected markers. We demonstrated that GP has a great potential and should be exploited by selecting for semi-dwarf winter wheat genotypes with higher FHB resistance due to their genomic background.

Winter wheat is the most important food crop, which occupies a significant share in the structure of the grain wedge of this country. The southern region of theRussian Federation, including theRostovregion, is the most favorable area for obtaining great harvests of winter wheat. Thus, the creation of stable highly productive varieties of winter soft wheat with resistance to stress factors of the environment is of primary concern. The research work was carried out at the experimental plots of the laboratory of breeding and seed-growing of winter soft wheat of intensive type ofFSBSIAgriculturalResearchCenter‘Donskoyʼ in 2016–2017. The winter soft wheat variety ‘Ermak’ was used as a standard variety. The article presents the study results of winter soft wheat lines in competitive variety testing based on the main economic-valuable traits. There have been chosen a number of lines-sources to use them in breeding programs to increase the values of individual parameters. The lines 1504/16 and 1942/16 (90.0 cm), 2049/16 (88.0 cm), 2057/16 (83.0 cm) were identified with the least values of the trait ‘plant height’. Practically all selection lines in the experiment had high resistance to lodging (from 4.0 to 5.0 points). According to the date of an earing (heading) phase the majority of the studied lines corresponded to the group of average-early varieties. The lines 1202/16, 1341/16, 1466/16, 1766/16, 1800/16, 1862/16 have been identified according to 1000-kernel weight (more than50 g). The lines 1533/16, 2141/16, 1850/16, 1852/16, 2148/16 have been found the most productive with a significant increase to the standard variety ‘Ermak’ (from 1.7 t/ha to 2.1 t/ha). These breeding lines are taken for further study and use in hybridization as an initial material.

Estimaram-se os valores da herdabilidade para várias características da planta do trigo (tolerância ao Al3+, comprimento da espiga, número de espiguetas por espiga e de grãos por espiga e por espigueta, peso de cem grãos, número de espigas por planta, altura das plantas e produção de grãos), bem como as correlações entre a produção de grãos e a tolerância ao Al3+ com os demais caracteres agronômicos estudados. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de cruzamentos envolvendo o cultivar BH-1146, tolerante ao Al3+, e os cultivares Alondra-S-46 e IAC-17, moderadamente tolerantes. Plântulas parentais e as gerações F1 e F2 foram testadas para a reação a 3 e 6 mg/litro de Al3+ em solução nutritiva. As plântulas, devidamente identificadas, foram transplantadas para vasos onde se desenvolveram até o final do ciclo vegetativo. A herdabilidade no sentido amplo para peso de cem grãos, comprimento da espiga e número de espiguetas por espiga foi, respectivamente, 0,73, 0,69 e 0,54. Para os demais caracteres, as herdabilidades foram baixas, variando de 0,09 a 0,24. Os valores da herdabilidade no sentido restrito, para os caracteres estudados, com exceção do peso de cem grãos e do número de espigas por planta, mostraram que grande parte da variabilidade genética nessas populações é aditiva. As correlações fenotípicas entre a produção de grãos e todos os demais caracteres agronômicos foram positivas e significativas para quase todas as populações estudadas. A correlação entre produção de grãos e número de espiguetas por espiga para a população BH-1146 x Alondra-S-46 foi negativa e significativa. Nessas populações, a tolerância a 3 e 6 mg/litro de Al3+ não foi associada com os caracteres agronômicos estudados, fazendo exceção a população BH-1146 x IAC-17, que mostrou associações significativas entre a tolerância a 3 mg/litro de Al3+ com altura das plantas, comprimento da espiga e número de espiguetas por espiga, e a população BH-1146 x Alondra-S-46, que apresentou associações significativas entre a tolerância a 3 mg/litro de Al3+ com comprimento da espiga e número de espiguetas por espiga. Os resultados sugerem que seria possível selecionar nas populações estudadas plantas tolerantes ao Al3+, de porte semi-anão, com maior fertilidade da espiga e elevado potencial produtivo.

Grain yield is one of the most important goals in wheat breeding, and agronomic or yield-related traits can directly reflect the characteristics of varieties. In order to determine the evolution of genetic diversity in agronomic traits of Xinjiang winter wheat varieties and their adaptabilities to different ecological environments, 134 winter wheat landraces and 54 moderns bred varieties from Xinjiang were selected for agronomic trait investigation. They were planted in three different ecological environments (Urumqi and Yining in Xinjiang province, and Tai’an in Shandong province) for two consecutive growth seasons, and nine agronomic and yield-related traits were surveyed and analyzed. The estimated broad sense heritability of nine agronomic and yield traits was in descending order: plant height > grain width > grain length/width ratio > spike length > spikelet number > thousand- kernel weight > grain number per spike > grain length > fertile spikelet number. Correlation analyses of nine agronomic and yield traits showed that these traits were correlated with each other. It was found that the plant height, spike length and grain length/width ratio of landraces were higher than that in modern bred varieties, but the grain number per spike, thousand kernel weight, grain length and grain width in landraces were less than that in modern bred varieties. However, the correlation coefficient of these nine traits was higher in modern bred varieties than that in landraces. These variations reflected the evolution of Xinjiang winter wheat varieties in agronomic traits in recent years. This study may provide important information for breeders to select the breeding parents in different winter wheat regions.

以不同年代育成、具有一定化感作用的4 种生态型冬小麦品种为材料, 在对其农艺性状进行分析的基础上, 用荧光淬灭技术研究了4 种生态型冬小麦抽穗期的荧光动力学特性, 并以马铃薯为受体探讨了不同生态型小麦的化感潜力。结果表明: 随育成年代推移, 从“碧玛1 号”、“宁冬1 号”、“丰产3 号”到“小偃22号”, 除“宁冬1 号”外, 各品种单株小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量增大, 植株化感潜力增强, <em>Fm</em>'分别为0.19、0.17、0.21、0.22, F 分别为0.12、0.10、0.13、0.14, 因此可推测“碧玛1 号”、“丰产3 号”和“小偃22 号”化感潜力增强的内在生理机制之一是<em>Fm'</em> 和<em>F</em> 逐渐递增, 光合器官PSⅡ对光能的吸收、转化增强, 能耗降低;而“宁冬1 号”表现出的特殊变化可能与其地域适应性较差及生态特性有关。研究发现4 种生态型小麦抽穗期农学性状如株高、穗长、旗叶面积、小穗、穗粒数、千粒重和产量, 荧光动力学参数如<em>Fm'、F、Y(NO)、qP、qL</em> 与化感潜力显著相关, 可作为冬小麦抽穗期化感潜力评价的参考指标。研究初步得出小麦的化感潜力由形态建成和内部生理生化基础所决定, 这可为作物化感潜力调控和化感遗传育种提供理论参考。