The religious and ethical content of the concepts of "dead" and "living" soul in the works of M. Gogol

The paper focuses on the dynamics of the student youth's value paradigm changes occurring in the process are influenced by the following of various factors: technical progress, which has accelerated the automation and computerization of modern society, the emergence of new types of communication in the virtual environment, the process of globalization, which has opened not only new opportunities for rapid integration into the world economic system, but also exacerbated the problem of compatibility of different civilizational patterns and cultures. New perspectives that have appeared through the information society development (the emergence of new classes as a result of the social structure reforms, network social communications, socioeconomic and spiritual-cultural transformation of superethnoses) are ambiguous and contradictory and can provoke a crisis of personal and collective identity of a modern young person. In this regard, the problem of formation of a socially important ideal for the further stable existence of society, as well as the search for positive meanings in the process of individual self-actualization, the choice of values by new generations with due regard to the experience of previous generations is topical. Based on the data obtained from the sociological researches conducted by the authors, value system of the Moscow high schools students (the Bauman Moscow State Technical University and the Moscow branch of the Russian International Academy for Tourism) is reviewed, the comparative analysis of changes of system of values of youth in an information society on the basis of the results received by domestic and foreign scientists of the USA, China and Kazakhstan is given. Studies have shown that the young people's value paradigm is at least multifunctional and combines values of the information society with traditional values. It is concluded that health, family and financial well-being are essential values for student youth. It is also important for young people that work would bring pleasure and opportunities for self-actualization and learning in innovative areas. Such values as love and friendship are shared by young people from different continents and superethnoses.

This review provides a renewed look at the genus Digitalis. Emphasis will be put on those issues that attracted the most attention or even went through paradigmatic changes since the turn of the millennium. PubMed and Google Scholar were used ("Digitalis" and "Foxglove" were the key words) to identify research from 2000 till 2017 containing data relevant enough to be presented here. Intriguing new results emerged from studies related to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus as well as to the biosynthesis and potential medicinal uses of the key active compounds, the cardiac glycosides. Several Eastern and Western Foxgloves were studied with respect to their propagation in vitro. In this context, molecular biology tools were applied and phytochemical analyses were conducted. Structure elucidation and analytical methods, which have experienced less exciting progress, will not be considered here in great detail.

The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF) is the central executive authority on migration and integration policy in Germany. Vinzenz Kratzer analyses the Federal Office's research output between 2005 and 2015 with a joint perspective of Ethnography and Political Science. In the wake of political reforms after the »paradigm change« around the turn of the millennium, the development of practically relevant knowledge can be traced. While governmental researchers were able to establish themselves in the bureaucracy with some success, they bought this influence with uncontroversial, depoliticized knowledge production, while the production of seemingly politically irrelevant knowledge - most importantly on racism and discrimination - is underdeveloped.

У дослідженні представлені результати аналізу функціонування системи професійної туристичної освіти в Україні в умовах зміни освітньої парадигми. Установлено, що професійна освіта в туризмі функціонує як елемент більш складної системи професійної освіти та залежить від процесів, що відбуваються в державі, загалом, і в науці, культурі та сфері туризму, зокрема. Її формування відбулося на зламі тисячоліть, коли в усьому світі здійснювався перехід від класичної до пост класичної (некласичної) освітньої парадигми. В Україні цей процес проходив повільніше, і це значною мірою проявилося у визначені результату та змісту підготовки фахівців сфери туризму. Послідовно проаналізовано галузеві освітні стандарти з підготовки бакалаврів з туризму. Встановлено, що зміст першого стандарту (2004 р.) формувався у відповідності до класичної освітньої парадигми, результати навчання представлені в категорії “знати – вміти”. Доведено, що у другому стандарті було зроблено спробу визначити компетентності майбутнього фахівця, але при діагностуванні результатів підготовки в основу поклали знаннєвий компонент. У стандартах 2018 р. найбільш повно реалізований компетентнісний підхід до підготовки бакалавра з туризму. Далі визначено фактори, які гальмують зміни освітніх парадигм: неготовність працедавців чіткого сформулювати очікуваний результат; невміння та небажання студентів будувати траєкторію свого особистісного та професійного зростання; визначення рейтингу викладачів за їхньою науковою активністю, в той час як у професійній освіті більше потрібна практика у бізнес-середовищі, відсутність технологій запровадження змін у навчальний процес через низький рівень розвитку туризмології та педагогіки туризму. Зроблено висновок, що стара та нова парадигми освіти співіснують у процесі підготовки фахівців сфери туризму. І з огляду на визначені фактори, модернізація цієї системи є довготривалим процесом.

At the turn of the Millennium by the Digital Transformation (DT), we are moving fast from the appearance of human-machine interactive communication to the formation of spatial independence of human communicational possibilities. These two landmarks implying new pedagogic challenges figuratively also symbolize thresholds, one of which we have already crossed, and hesitating at the other of which we are faced with an ever complex transformation of the world of education. Recently in the Vocational Education and Training (VET) schools by the Information Technology (IT), we are moving fast from the appearance of human-machine interactive communication to the formation of spatial independence of human communicational possibilities. However, effective communication and work-oriented collaboration between man and man remained the most successful pedagogical tool. These landmarks implying new didactic challenges figuratively also symbolize thresholds, one of which we have already crossed, and now we are at the other which we are faced with a new complex transformation need. We were starting from our original construction of the collaborative open content development (OCD), which was based on the results of several learning content digitalizing projects, was built upon the recognition of the change in the teaching-learning paradigm. That was the main reason for analyzing and development of VET teachers’ attitude to the OCD. Referring to the new collaborative developments implemented in the VET practice, besides the conclusions, we also formulate proposals on the new teaching competencies.

The aim of the study is to identify the specific features of the American entrepreneur’s image in J. Belfort’s novel “The Wolf of Wall Street” and their significant differences from the characteristic features of this image in the works of American literature of an earlier period. The paper examines the literary image of an entrepreneur created by J. Belfort based on an autobiographical narrative using his personal experience in stock market activities. The study investigates the change in the value paradigm in the personality and character of the entrepreneur in comparison with the main characteristics of this image created in the works of W. Bradford and B. Franklin. The scientific novelty of the study lies in discovering radical changes in the image of the 21st-century American entrepreneur in comparison with the ideal that was formed in American culture in the 17th and 18th centuries. As a result of the study, it was found that the image of an entrepreneur in J. Belfort’s novel has undergone significant changes compared to the works of early American literature. There is a significant contradiction between the moral and value attitudes created in the works of W. Bradford and B. Franklin and the modern image of the American entrepreneur depicted in the novel under consideration.

The modern space of professional training for qualified specialists is characterised by variability and changes in the value paradigm, as a result of which the development of a professional takes place in the context of psychological characteristics, which, in turn, requires new research. The purpose of the presented study is to empirically examine the psychological features of the development of students, values and life prospects. In the course of the study, the authors used general research methods, including quantitative analysis and generalisation, and psychodiagnostic methods. The paper considered the psychological features of the development of value orientations of first-year students based on personal characteristics, such as asociality, anxiety, reflexivity, internal conflict, reflected self-attitude, etc. The correlation analysis of the obtained empirical data confirmed the interdependence of anxiety, reflectivity, self-determination, and value orientations in adolescence, which have a certain influence on the coordination of life prospects of youth. The analysis allowed identifying the factors of development of students, value sphere: “sociality”; “Self-concept”; “autoreflexia”; “externality”, “self-development”. The essence of the components of the total variance for the selected 5 factors in accordance with the sum of squares of factor loads is substantiated. It was discovered that the obtained factors are formed based on individual psychological indicators. The prospect of further research is the compilation and testing of a correctional programme, which will be aimed at improving the selected factors that determine the development of the entire system of values of students, life prospects

The article examines current trends in language policy and attitudes towards multilingualism and minority languages in the European Union, the USA, and Australia. On the example of some languages (Basque, Breton, Corsican, Sámi etc.) various factors affecting the current situation of minority languages are analyzed with priority to the state language policy. Special attention is concentrated on a new phenomenon in European sociolinguistics – the emergence of "new speakers" from minority groups who have learned these languages not in the family, but due to the educational system. Regarding the US language policy, the situation with the languages of North American Indians is described through some positive changes that have occurred in the economic, legal, cultural and linguistic environment of Indian tribes. The Australian case is analyzed as an equally striking example of progress from banning the use of aboriginal languages to modern programmes of their revitalisation. On the basis of the considered cases the author points to the importance of such factors as language activism and the financial and economic situation of minorities themselves. It is concluded that the change in the value paradigm only sets the framework conditions for the implementation of language rights but does not guarantee their success.

The article is a retrospection of the ideas of digitalization and the subsequent possible transformation of the value consciousness of Russians. The Object of the Study is the values of Russians. The Subject of the Study is the values of Russians in the context of digitalization. The Purpose of the Study is penetrating the process and possible social consequences of the implementation of the programs "Digital Economy of the Rossiyskay Federatsiya" and "Strategy of National Security of the Rossiyskaya Federatsiya until 2020". Replacing traditional sociocultural and moral values of Russians with instinctive ones max happen as a result of active digitalization in the most negative development of events. The article records the fact of the forming of new digital (information) values of the population of the Russian society in the context of the values of traditional culture. A simulation of a number of actualized values of the present-day Russian society is noted. The author analyzes innovations and the social consequences of digitalization for the population of Rossiya, the dynamics of the process of introducing digital technologies into the life of Russian society. The main problems of inclusion of digitalization in everyday life of Russians have been designated.Sociologists observe the process of the formation of values over the centuries, and yet the variability of value consciousness depends largely on the types of social interaction. In many ways, the conditions of existence in the digital age regulate the specificity of social life in general. The digital age presupposes a high capacity for social adaptation of various segments of the population. Digitalization and the formation of a new values system and value orientations in the digital environment can be especially relevant and significant for the young Russians. New technologies, means of communication, opportunities provided by new standards of service - all this predisposes to a change in the traditional value system of Russians. Difficulties with the introduction of digital technologies are observed in remote rural regions of the country The Main Provisions of the Article: digitalization brings new values; changes in the value paradigm often determine the conditions for the existence of society as a whole; The digital age forms the new value paradigm of the Russians.

The article examines the business and moral qualities of the party managers of the "second echelon" of the period of the "Khrushchev reforms" in the context of one of the major national republics of the RSFSR – the Bashkir ASSR. The authors reconstruct the appearance of middle-level party officials who adhered to double standards in their party management activities. The phenomenon of the formation of a "new-moral" communist party subject with a pronounced focus on wealth is also concretized, which contradicted the official discourse of a highly moral socialist personality, who is not only a party worker, but, above all, a disinterested communist. The new trend observed among the party officials of the "Khrushchev set" – industrial and moral emancipation, which did not entail the irreversibility of severe punishment, was one of the manifestations of the complex institutional process of the era of "Khrushchev reformism". We are talking about a change in the value paradigm in the form of the refusal of party officials from rigid stoicism and orientation towards satisfying their personal interests. The research methodology is based on the principles of critical research understanding of the activities of the BASSR party apparatus in 1953-1964. The structural and functional method made it possible to reconstruct the managerial and business portrait of the BASSR party members of the Khrushchev era.

Problem setting. Social and environmental issues of waste management facing society relatively recently, but showed a tendency to expand and deepen, which in turn caused the necessity of formation of effective policy in this area.Recent research and publications analysis. Some aspects of the present stage of the formation of environmental law and its relationship to nature and resources law, structural and systemic connections was studied by various researchers in the context of environmental policy and legislation analysis, regulation of wildlife relationships, expanding the scope of regulation of resource. In particular, they can mark out V. Andreytsev, A. Getman, M. Krasnova, N. Malisheva and others. However, comprehensive studies of this policy is currently not available.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is a theoretical analysis of the current state of environmental law, the formation of the next stage of development of natural resource relationships, their expansion and transformation into a resource (ecologic and resource) in order to adequately respond to the differentiation and complexity of structural and systemic linkages.Paper main body. The development and dynamics of the environmental, natural resources legislation is largely driven by global and European processes and requires constant updating in order to overcome gaps, timely and adequate response to contemporary challenges, changes in value paradigms and so forth. One of these problems is the development of traditional branches of law and directions research that, in turn, raises the question of substantive content, structural and systemic links of these areas of law. Any delay in the establishment of the theoretical and methodological and scientific and legal framework for a new legal phenomena in the framework of ecological and legal science creates the preconditions for the expansion of research not only to them but also in relation to the already well-established system of law and the separation of the industry.A promising seems the further transformation of natural resource rights in the resource, whose task will be to not only relations concerning those or other natural objects, but also the products of their use, and natural phenomena, the establishment of resource-saving requirements, the introduction of specific indicators of resource costs and the like. Such a situation we are seeing now in soil legislation, which regulates the use of man-made mineral deposits, which, in fact, lost the status of a natural object, but are important for their conservation. A similar situation arises in the field of waste management, which are increasingly seen it as a potential source of resources and nature conservation.It is proved that with the current approach, when the subject and its activity are taken as a basis for regulation in isolation from the goals of legal regulation, the values and ideological component of the legal regulation, which had a negative impact on its quality are lost. It should be pointed out that in many cases such restrictions are connected with artificial internal limits of innovations of eco-legal science, caused by the use of the traditional concepts of “nature”, “natural resources”, “natural objects”. This causes an urgent need to review the use of these terms, the expansion of concepts. One way to become more active use of the terms “resource use, “eco use”, “resources”, “environmental resources”, “environmental objects” and so forth.Conclusions of the research. Stage of relatively independent existence of natural resource law, its autonomy outside the complex ecological and legal science has already passed and now destructively affects both its development in general and on the development of its constituent elements, slows its methodological development, creates the prerequisites for scientific expansion of specialists in other sectors of law that use internal scientific debate and controversy as a confirmation of their own conclusions about the artificial synthesized nature of environmental law, artificiality of scientific problems and so on. One of the ways to integrate and harmonize the natural resource component within the environmental law is to change its focus from solely having binding traditional natural objects in favor of a more progressive and promising theory of the resource or the ecological and resource rights that can harmoniously incorporate both traditional (established), and innovative approaches to the maintenance of ecological and legal relations, their expansion and diffusion within a single methodological approach and legal doctrine, which is the fundamental goal of ecological and legal science, defined as the environment, the use of environmental resources and ecological security of humanity.

The importance of the value aspect in Russian legislation and the mechanisms for its implementation in modern geopolitical conditions are analyzed in the article. It is noted that the change in value paradigms in a number of countries predetermined the adoption of measures to ensure national security through the preservation of Russian identity and the traditional way of life of Russian society. Special attention is paid to the fundamentals of state policy in the field of family protection, preservation of traditional family values and education of traditional moral, socio-cultural ideals; creating a safe information environment, as well as establishing liability measures for promoting destructive behavior in the information space that undermines moral principles in society; problems of adaptation and socialization of migrants to the norms of life of Russian society, as well as social, cultural and linguistic adaptation of migrant children for studying in educational organizations; participation of civil society institutions and religious organizations based on the unifying role of traditional values in ensuring interethnic and interfaith harmony; the value aspect in technological solutions developed by artificial intelligence. It is concluded that achieving the objectives set in strategic documents is impossible without a unified value-oriented approach to the formation of a system of government bodies, improvement of Russian legislation and law enforcement practice, without the participation of civil society institutions and the state’s willingness to defend the interests of the state-forming people. At the same time, the directions for improving legislation should not be limited to scaling the value aspect in family, social legislation, cultural legislation, or adjusting criminal and administrative legislation in terms of strengthening liability measures.

The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of metamodernism as a new cultural paradigm. For this purpose, a comparison of the specifics of the cultural break of the early 20th and 21st centuries will be used. The attitude of these eras to aesthetics as a new force of persuasion, a manifestation of “soft power”, was chosen as the main criterion for comparison. This, in turn, allows us to assess the new role of culture and art in modern processes of social construction. Special attention is paid to understanding how metamodernism not only structures artistic production, but also forms a new anthropology of the subject living in a state of interdimensional oscillation. This approach allows us to consider metamodernism not simply as another aesthetic trend, but as a symptom of deeper shifts in collective sensuality and cultural imagination. The cultures of modernism and metamodernism reflect fundamental changes in economic and social life. They give rise to those artistic forms that explain these general transformations. Object-centrism, networkedness, visuality are concepts that provide the theoretical basis of modern culture. The resurgence of modernism is reflected in the idea of the art openness. Modern art is filled with experiments with colors, shapes, textures, attempts at their new theoretical explanation in the form of concepts of various "turns of culture". Culture has emerged as a special sphere of constructing the emotional and psychological experience of reality. The collage, quotation, hypertextuality of the culture of modernism and postmodernism are realized in the atmosphere of new sincerity, meta-irony, new sensuality, which came along with the paradigm of metamodernism. The focus is on the relationship between environmental qualities and human states, which provokes a feeling of nostalgia as a sign of a new cultural paradigm. The structure of sensibility captures the moment of birth of a mental image that has not yet grown into a discourse. Metamodern aesthetics is a new theory of perception and practice of aesthetic work. It is realized in the structure of "nostalgia", not as a reproduction, but as a reconstruction of human experience. This occurs through the construction of the authenticity of space and human identity, as associations with certain experiences, practices, preferences. Thus, metamodernism uses the cultural archive of modernism and adapts it to contemporary aesthetics, which actively interacts with current social and cultural practices. Attention is focused on the fixation of emotional impact. Both the ontology and the meaning of works of art have changed, which forms the methodological task of art criticism not to describe, but to explain the works of contemporary authors.

Summary. The article analyzes the essence of the reception of Ukrainian postmodernism at the turn of the 20 th and 21 st centuries. It states that postmodernism is an extremely complex and multidimensional phenomenon of modern culture, which to this day provokes scientific discussions among literary critics, philosophers, sociologists, cultural scientists, art critics, political scientists etc. Among the studies of domestic literary critics devoted to the problems of Ukrainian literary postmodernism are the works of T. Gundorova, N. Zborovskaya, R. Kharchuk, I. Starovojt, V. Ayevoy, D. Zatonsky, S. Andrusov, I. Fizer and others. Discussions about postmodernism and its representation in Ukrainian culture remain relevant today. The emphasis is on the literary understanding of the reality of the situation of Ukrainian postmodernism. Ukrainian postmodernism is significantly different from the Western model of postmodernism due to a number of factors such as historical circumstances and national characteristics. In modern Ukrainian literary studies, in particular in criticism, there is a fairly stable tendency to speak about the discourse of postmodernism primarily in theoretical terms, and the most important part of this discourse is related to defining the boundaries, substantiating the qualitative characteristics of this phenomenon, introducing pairs of scientific features into scientific phenomena, etc. It is noted that Ukrainian postmodernism was born in politically difficult unstable conditions, and developed at a time when culture and society came to a normal state, namely during the period of gaining independence of Ukraine. The author emphasizes that modern Ukrainian culture can only be on the verge of traditional and innovative development, trends and the true cultural meaning of the present should be seen in the dialogue of cultures. Examining the specificity of the reception of Ukrainian postmodernism at the turn of the millennium, we conclude that in postmodernism, as well as in its affiliation with certain national cultures, there are still many points and aspects that need separate consideration and analysis. The topic of postmodernism remains relevant to research and has prospects for further work on it.

Nowadays, the negative effect of globalization is the disappearance of peculiarities of national cultures, their originality and self-identity. So it is very important to find ways and means to preserve them. One of such means is the development and translation of ethnic folk culture. Considering the regional fragmentation of the all Ukrainian culture it is scientifically justified to study local folk traditions, including Bukovyna as one of the specific historically ethnographic regions of Ukraine. Thant’s why it is necessary to examine the features of ethnic folk culture of Bukovyna region as a result of multinational cooperation and the state and ways of their preservation in terms of the globalization of modern society; to analyze foreign ethnic and cross-cultural influences on culture of Bukovyna as borderlands region; to identify Romanian and Moldovan cultural elements in folk traditions of land, which determine the uniqueness of its regional culture; to determine the value of modern folk festivals for the development and promotion of culture in the context of glokalizational and urbanizational processes. ethnically folk culture was formed under the conditions of its historical affiliation to various foreign countries (Moldavia, Turkey, Austria-Hungary, Romania, the Soviet Union) and its current border with Moldova and Romania. Today the region has entirely Romanian and Moldovan villages, which folklore certainly had an impact and still affects on traditional art and traditions. In the ceremonial and ritual images, in the arts and crafts, in amateur painting and architecture the people of Bukovyna established their originality and identity, high endowments, involvement in national unity with all Ukrainian people. In recent times, one of the most popular forms of interaction between people in modern culture is the festival. In the cultural context festival is perceived as a social and cultural phenomenon, a special form of intercultural communication, which is implemented within the creative and intellectual intentions of present day. Despite the fact that there are negative reviews about the quality and benefits of various festivals, in our opinion, folk festivals still perform their basic functions, such as popularization, preservation and restoration of traditions, and therefore, in view of increase in their size we can say that they attract more and more nationally conscious people. Thus, there are such folk, ethno-religious festivals in Bukovyna as Malanka Fest, International Hutsul Festival, Bukovyna’s meeting, Obnowa Fest, Kupala’s circle, Bukovyna’s Branches, Rainbow of Bukovynaand others. It is important to emphasize the significance of comparatively ethnographic analysis of common artistically stylistic features of costumes and clothing with neighboring Slavic nations, indicating that the ensemble of folk costumes late XIX – early XX century was the result of a long and difficult path of historical development of the region. For centuries its artistic qualities were formed in close contact with the costume complexes of Romanian, Moldovan, Russian people. Researching the features of folk culture it is necessary to note regional specificity of embroidery. Regional peculiarity of shirts is that the end of the sleeves and hem are decorated with broad band of wreaths tsyrka. Tsyrka is a delicate openwork with complex geometrized-floral ornament, made with white silk. The reflection of snow-white silk contrast with colorful beaded embroidery gives the shirt a unique look. This is the gold page of embroidery, which is unparalleled. So such factors as the historical interaction with the cultures of other peoples and modern boundary mutual influence of Romanian and Moldovan population, on the basis of Ukrainian culture created its own original folk ethnic culture of Bukovyna. Mainly most of folk rituals and customs, as well as all possible kinds of folk art, including folk costumes, embroidery and carpet art are represented on ethnic festivals, which acquired its features through constant cross-cultural and multi-ethnic interaction. Actually thanks to the folklore Ukrainian people are able to preserve their originality and identity, to give impetus to the material and spiritual prosperity and revival of national culture.