The Relationship Between Perfectionism Personality and Non-Suicidal Self Injury Incidents Among Nursing Students

BackgroundWe attempted to find if there were gender differences in Non-suicidal self injurious (NSSI) behaviors and Suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents, then analyze the impact of Internet use frequency on these variables among adolescents of different genders.MethodsBased on the data from 6 high-schools and 4 universities in 4 cities in China, the gender difference in NSSI behaviors and Suicidal ideation and their related factors were analyzed in the study.ResultsGender differences were found during different purposes of Internet use; There was no significant gender difference in NSSI behaviors among Chinese adolescents, yet females reported significantly higher intensity of suicidal ideation compared to males; Internet use frequency could explain the prevalence of NSSI behaviors and Suicidal ideation by gender, to some categories.ConclusionsThere were gender differences in Internet use frequency among adolescents; Gender difference of NSSI engagement among Chinese adolescents was not statistically significant; Females had higher suicidal ideation than males; the overuse of social softwares was found to be a risk factor to both NSSI engagements and suicidal ideations for both genders; males would engage less NSSI behaviors when they spent more time on knowledge sharing softwares while might have more suicidal ideation when they spent too much time on gaming.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors-an important factor that profoundly affects the physical and mental health of young people-are induced by complex and diverse factors, while showing significant differences at the gender level. We examined mediating behaviors among parenting styles, students' coping styles, and endogenous and exogenous influencing variables of adolescents' NSSI behaviors. In this cross-sectional study, Secondary school students in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China (n = 2,689; F/M:1532/1157) were surveyed for basic attributes, parenting styles, coping styles, and NSSI behaviors. After the initial screening of the sample data, several external derivatives were screened based on the single factor analysis method. On this basis, the construction of path analysis models under multivariate multiple elicitations was carried out. The overall prevalence of NSSI was 15.16%, and the incidence of NSSI in boys was lower than that in girls (OR = 0.334, 95% CI [0.235-0.474]). The path analysis model data fit well; the indicators of female and male part are: CFI = 0.913/0.923, GFI = 0.964/0.977, SRMR = 0.055/0.047, RMSEA = 0.097/0.069 with 90% confidence interval (CI) [0.084-0.111]/[0.054-0.084]. For female, when negative coping style and extreme education affect NSSI respectively, the standardized path coefficient values are 0.478 (z = 20.636, P = 0.000 < 0.01) and 0.151 (z = 6.524, P = 0.000 < 0.01) respectively, while for male, the corresponding values become 0.225 (z = 7.057, P < 0.001) and 0.104 (z = 3.262, P < 0.001). In particular, we investigated the mediating effects of gender-specific NSSI influences and found that NSSI behaviors were strongly associated with environmental variables and individual factors, especially family parenting style and adolescent coping style, which influenced NSSI in a gender-specific manner. The results showed that males were the target of both positive and negative parenting styles, whereas females were more likely to choose negative coping styles directed towards emotions in response to external stimuli, and instead showed a more significant predisposition towards NSSI behaviors. This phenomenon seems to be influenced by multilevel factors such as sociocultural, individual value identity, and physiological structure differences. In the path analysis model with the introduction of mediating effects, the influence of gender differences on NSSI behavior becomes more pronounced under the interaction of multiple factors: women seem to be more significantly influenced by the external derivatives in the internal derivatives than male subjects, and are more likely to trigger NSSI behavior under the interaction of multiple factors. These findings effectively reveal the significant role of different end-influencing factors in NSSI behaviors at the level of gender differences, which can provide effective theoretical support to prevent and treat NSSI behaviors in adolescents.

Objective:The incidence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior in adolescents is increasing year by year. Patients with a history of both depression and NSSI behavior tend to be at greater risk for suicide. At present, the mechanism of adolescent depressive disorder with NSSI behavior is not clear and still in research and exploration. The expression of the Silent Information Regulator 2 Related Enzyme 1 (SIRT1) gene is closely related to the level of serotonin in molecular mechanisms, and may be closely related to the occurrence and development of depressive disorder. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the SIRT1 gene and NSSI behaviors in adolescents with depressive disorder.Methods:A total of 15 adolescent depressed patients with NSSI behavior and 15 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Bisulfite Sequencing PCR (BSP) was used to test the methylation level of SIRT1 gene promoter region of the participants. The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was conducted to measure the mRNA expression level of SIRT1 gene.Results:Our study found that the methylation level of SIRT1 gene promoter region at cytosine-guanine dinucleotide 5 (CpG5) site in depression group was higher than that of control group. Compared with that of control group, the plasma concentration of Sirt1 protein significantly decreased in depression group.Conclusion:Our study investigated the methylation level and the mRNA expression of SIRT1 gene in adolescent depressive patients with NSSI behavior. The study points towards finding an in vivo molecular marker for those adolescent patients.

IntroductionAlthough research over the past decade has resulted in significantly increased knowledge about distal risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), little is known about short-term (proximal) factors that predict NSSI thoughts and behaviors. Drawing on contemporaneous theories of NSSI, as well as the concept of ideation-to-action, the present study clarifies (a) real-time factors that predict NSSI thoughts and (b) the extent to which theoretically important momentary factors (i.e., negative affect, positive affect, and self-efficacy to resist NSSI) predict NSSI behavior in daily life, beyond NSSI thoughts.MethodsUsing experience sampling methodology, intensive longitudinal data was obtained from 30 young adults with frequent NSSI episodes in the last year. Participants completed assessments up to eight times per day for 12 consecutive days (signal-contingent sampling). This resulted in the collection of 2,222 assessments (median compliance = 79.2%) during which 591 NSSI thoughts and 270 NSSI behaviors were recorded. Using the dynamic structural equation modeling framework, multilevel vector autoregressive models were constructed.ResultsWithin the same assessment, negative affect was positively associated with NSSI thoughts, whereas positive affect and self-efficacy to resist NSSI were each negatively associated with NSSI thoughts. Across assessments, higher-than-usual negative affect and self-efficacy to resist NSSI were predictive of short-term change in NSSI thoughts. While fluctuations in both negative affect and positive affect prospectively predicted NSSI behavior, these factors became non-significant in models that controlled for the predictive effect of NSSI thoughts. In contrast, self-efficacy to resist NSSI incrementally predicted a lower probability of engaging in NSSI, above and beyond NSSI thoughts.DiscussionThis study provides preliminary evidence that affective fluctuations may uniquely predict NSSI thoughts but not NSSI behaviors, and point to the role of personal belief in the ability to resist NSSI in preventing NSSI behavior. These findings illustrate the need to differentiate between the development of NSSI thoughts and the progression from NSSI thoughts to behavior, as these are likely distinct processes, with different predictors.

Insecure attachment to parents can cause many problems in adolescents, one of which is Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) behavior. This research aims to determine the effect of REACH forgiveness therapy on the attachment dimensions of adolescents with NSSI behavior. This research uses an experimental method with a single group pretest-posttest design. The research subjects were 3 people, still attending junior high school, and all three of them were doing NSSI due to insecure attachment to their parents. The research results obtained showed that there was no significant influence from REACH forgiveness therapy on the attachment dimensions of adolescents with NSSI behavior, but forgiveness therapy had a relatively moderate impact on the three subjects. Another finding obtained was that the three subjects no longer engaged in NSSI due to insecure attachment with their parents. Keterikatan tidak aman dengan orang tua dapat menimbulkan banyak masalah pada remaja, salah satunya adalah perilaku Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh terapi memaafkan REACH terhadap dimensi kelekatan pada remaja dengan perilaku NSSI. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan desain single group pretest-posttest. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 3 orang, masih duduk di bangku SMP, dan ketiganya melakukan NSSI karena insecure attachment dengan orang tuanya. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan dari terapi memaafkan REACH terhadap dimensi kelekatan pada remaja dengan perilaku NSSI, namun terapi memaafkan memberikan dampak yang relatif sedang pada ketiga subjek. Temuan lain yang diperoleh adalah ketiga subjek tidak lagi melakukan NSSI karena insecure attachment dengan orang tuanya.

Relationship between facial emotion recognition and non-suicidal self injury in adolescents with depression: A multicenter cross-sectional study from China.

This study analyzes the relationship of alexithymia, childhood trauma, and body investment to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors in adolescents with depressive disorder and whether they have predictive and diagnostic value for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors in adolescents with depressive disorder. A total of 225 patients with a diagnosis of adolescent depressive disorder were included in the study and were divided into two groups according to the DSM-5 criteria: 98 cases without NSSI and 127 cases with NSSI. Compare the demographic data, 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), and Body Investment Scale (BIS) scores between two groups. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors contributing to NSSI behaviors in adolescents with depression, and establish four predictive models. Based on the models' predictive probability, the ROC curves were plotted to calculate the value of the predictive diagnostic effect. The group without NSSI had lower scores than the group with NSSI on HAMD-24 total score, TAS-20 total score, difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally focused thinking, as well as lower scores on CTQ-SF total score, physical neglect, emotional neglect, physical abuse, and emotional abuse. In contrast, the BIS total score, body image feelings and attitudes, body care, and body protection factor scores were higher for the group without NSSI. The BIS body care factor score and the CTQ-SF emotional abuse factor score were significantly linked with adolescents diagnosed with depressive disorder who exhibited NSSI behaviors. These results provide a good diagnostic model for adolescents with depressive disorder. Low levels of body care and childhood emotional abuse may independently contribute to the implementation of NSSI in adolescents with depressive disorder. Body investment and childhood trauma are valuable in diagnosing and predicting NSSI behaviors and should be considered as potentially important factors in clinical treatment.

To investigate the differences in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors between only-child and non-only-child adolescents with mood disorders. A three-stage sampling method was used to perform a cross-sectional survey of 529 adolescents, aged 12-18 years, who had mood disorders and NSSI behaviors. These adolescents were sampled from the outpatient service of 20 mental hospitals in 9 provinces of China from August to November 2020. A self-made questionnaire was used to collect general demographic data. The Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation, Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Stress Mindset Measure-General, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scales, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used to collect the information on self-injury behaviors and psychological factors in these adolescents. A total of 529 adolescents with mood disorders and NSSI behaviors were surveyed, among whom 375 were only-child adolescents and 154 were non-only-child adolescents. Compared with the non-only-child group, the only-child group had a significantly higher total score of Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (P<0.05) .The type and frequency of self-injury in the only-child group were significantly higher than those in the non-only-child group (P<0.05). Psychological analysis showed that compared with the non-only-child group, the only-child group had a significantly lower score of self-esteem (P<0.05) and significantly higher scores of psychological distress and depressive symptoms (P<0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the score of suicidal ideation was positively correlated with the frequency of NSSI behaviors in both only-child and non-only-child adolescents with mood disorders (P<0.05); in the only-child adolescents, the level of self-esteem was negatively correlated with the frequency of NSSI behaviors (P<0.05), and the score of stress perception was positively correlated with the frequency of NSSI behaviors (P<0.05); in the non-only-child adolescents, the score of anxious emotion was positively correlated with the frequency of NSSI behaviors (P<0.05). Among the adolescents with mood disorders and NSSI behaviors, the only-child adolescents tend to have a higher frequency of self-injury and poorer mental health, and therefore, the only-child adolescents with mood disorders and NSSI behaviors need more attention.

Introduction: Non-Suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is both highly comorbid with suicidality among&#x0D; adolescents and a significant predictor of suicide attempts (SAs) in adolescents.A broad variety of different functions can underlie acts of Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI).&#x0D; Aims: To study prevalence and characteristics of Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and functional purpose of that behaviour among Adults and their level of coping.&#x0D; Study Design: Cross-sectional Analytical study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study is conducted in central medical university, Gujarat, India over a period of 30 days.&#x0D; Methodology: Study was conducted among students of Central Medical University.195 participants were enrolled by consecutive random sampling. They were given a Google form to fill out Demographic details. The form also has an Inventory for NSSI (ISAS) to assess their NSSI behaviour and Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) to assess coping.&#x0D; Results: Out of 195 participants, prevalence of NSSI behaviour is 49(25.12%). Among these 20(40.82%) are male &amp; 29(59.18%) are female. Among sociodemographic data type of family is statistically significant(P value- 0.039). Mean age at which participants start self-harming is16.6 ± 2.89 years. During NSSI behaviour 51.02% of participants always feel pain and 16.32% of participants do not feel pain. Prevalence of NSSI behaviour is higher in 3rd or higher birth order (33.33%) compare to 1st(28.31%) and 2nd (19.67%).The most common method of self-harm was cutting (65.3%), followed by banging (61.22%) or hitting self. The most common functional reason for self-harm was affect regulation followed by self-punishment. of participants who are having NSSI behaviour. In this study we found that there is a statistically significant difference between various resilience coping and NSSI behavior.(P- 0.0008).&#x0D; Conclusion: The most common method of self-harm is cutting and functional purpose for this behavior is affect regulation. Individual with low resilient coping have higher chances of NSSI behavior and similarly high resilient coping is protective for NSSI behavior.

Çimen İD, Coşkun A, Etiler N. Non-suicidal self-injury behaviors` features and relationship with adolescents` daily life activities and mental status. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 113-121. This study investigated, characteristics of the non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors and behaviors` relationship with the sociodemographic characteristics, psychological problems and other features like daily life activities, between the ages of 12 and 17 years in the central district İzmit of Kocaeli; 555 students whose data included to study received a sociodemographic questionnaire (SQ) and Youth Self-Report (YSR). Students, who reported that they had NSSI, were additionally evaluated with the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS). We found out a significant correlation between NSSI and the psychological problems, habits with addiction-forming potential, some daily life activities and making friends with negative characteristics. We concluded that prevention of the risk factors related to NSSI might be effective to avoid the development of this behavior. And diagnosing the behavior in the onset, might provide more effective and long-lasting results and enable the adolescent to get over this risky period with minimal harm.

A decline in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior is often viewed as an indication of mental health improvement when treating adolescents and young adults with borderline personality pathology. However, evidence shows that an initial decrease in NSSI behavior does not always signal recovery, and potential symptom shifting needs to be considered. To examine the codevelopment of NSSI and substance use in adolescents and young adults receiving treatment for NSSI behavior and to explore whether shifting from NSSI behavior to substance use is associated with emerging or persistent borderline personality pathology. This cohort study used data from the AtR!Sk study. The study included a consecutive sample of adolescents and young adults with NSSI behavior who presented to a specialized outpatient clinic for early intervention of borderline personality pathology. A baseline assessment (between May 3, 2016, and December 19, 2019) and 2 annual follow-up assessments were conducted. Data were analyzed from April 15, 2023, to September 5, 2024. The frequencies of NSSI behavior and substance use were self-reported. Diagnostic interviews were carried out to assess borderline personality pathology. Growth mixture models were specified to identify latent classes with different joint trajectories of NSSI behavior and substance use, and the classes were compared for the number of fulfilled borderline personality disorder (BPD) diagnostic criteria. Overall, 277 adolescents and young adults (249 [89.9%] female; mean [SD] age at baseline, 14.9 [1.5] years) were included in the study (number at first follow-up, 135; number at second follow-up, 82). Three latent classes were extracted from the data. A decline in NSSI behavior following treatment was common. Class 1 (estimated class count: 32.5; 11.7% of participants) was further characterized by a decline in substance use; class 2 (210.1; 75.9% of participants), by a moderate increase in substance use; and class 3 (34.4; 12.4% of participants), by a strong increase in substance use. The number of fulfilled BPD diagnostic criteria in class 1 (mean [SE], 4.64 [0.40]; comparison: χ2, 11.64; P < .001) and class 3 (mean [SE], 4.29 [0.41]; comparison: χ2, 5.98; P = .01) was greater than that in class 2 (mean [SE], 3.18 [0.15]) at baseline. The number of fulfilled BPD criteria remained high at the second follow-up assessment in class 3 (mean [SE], 5.15 [0.84]) but not in class 1 (mean [SE], 2.05 [0.54]). In this cohort study of adolescent patients with NSSI behavior, a decline in this behavior was commonly paired with an increase in substance use. This finding suggests that a decrease in NSSI behavior alone may be insufficient to indicate treatment success. Monitoring the joint trajectories of NSSI behavior and substance use may be a promising avenue toward early detection and targeted treatment of adolescent borderline personality pathology.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a worldwide mental health problem that deserves thorough investigation. This study aims to explore the effect of parenting styles, attachment to parents, and self-compassion on the occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior in adolescents and whether these factors influence their recovery motivation. A total of 132 adolescents who had engaged in NSSI within the last year and 72 adolescents who had never engaged in NSSI were recruited from the Shenzhen Kangning Hospital and from primary and secondary schools and communities. Differences in the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Egma Minn av. Bardndosnauppforstran (EMBU), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) of participants were compared. A binary logistic model was established to measure the odds ratios of these variables on the occurrence of NSSI. In the NSSI adolescent sample, separate binary logistic models were created with NSSI impulse inhibition, NSSI resistance activity, and NSSI recovery motivation as dependent variables and with parenting styles, attachment to parents, and self-compassion as independent variables. Compared with adolescents with no NSSI behavior, those who had engaged in NSSI within the past year had higher scores on the HAMD, as well as higher EMBU-negative father parental behavior (punishment, excessive interference, rejection, and overprotection), EMBU-negative mother parental behavior (excessive interference, rejection, and punishment), and SCS negative self-compassion scores. Moreover, adolescents with NSSI had lower EMBU-father emotional warmth, EMBU-mother emotional warmth, IPPA-attachment to father, IPPA-attachment to mother, and SCS positive self-compassion scores. Current depressive symptoms and maternal punishment are risk factors for NSSI in adolescents, while positive self-compassion was a protective factor. Positive self-compassion can positively predict NSSI impulse inhibition, NSSI resistance activity, and NSSI recovery motivation. However, we unexpectedly found that the father's emotional warmth negatively predicts NSSI resistance activity. This study found that positive self-compassion has a significant impact on the prevention of and recovery from NSSI behavior in adolescents.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors of adolescents with affective disorders can directly deteriorate parents' internal experiences, and negative parental experiences can exacerbate or even worsen NSSI behaviors. This study investigates the impact of NSSI behaviors exhibited by adolescents with affective disorders on the internal experiences of parents. Specifically, our research focuses on the inner experiences of parents when their children engage in NSSI behaviors during social isolation of the COVID-19, offering insights for addressing parental mental health issues related to NSSI and developing positive parental behavioral models to optimize adolescent behavior during major public health events. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 parents of adolescents with affective disorders displaying NSSI behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Colaizzi 7-step analysis was employed to refine and categorize emerging themes. Our study revealed that parents of adolescents facing NSSI during the COVID-19 pandemic underwent different internal experiences, which could be classified into four themes: negative experience, high caregiving burden, lack of caregiving capacity, and resilience. This Internet-based research is the first to explore the internal experiences of parents of adolescents with affective disorders experiencing NSSI during the COVID-19 pandemic. It sheds light on how parents, in response to their children's NSSI behaviors, undergo resilience following negative experiences, explore more open and supportive family model. Despite these positive outcomes, parents express a need for increased knowledge about NSSI illness care and a desire for professional assistance.

目的探究不同学段学生在有无非自杀性自伤（non-suicidal self-injury, NSSI）行为的积极心理资源方面的差异。方法2023年9–10月，收集四川省成都市56870名9至18岁学生测评数据。利用R软件程序包评估网络结构和症状中心性，对比不同学段有无NSSI行为学生网络全局强度和结构差异。结果中小学生NSSI发生率为12.21%，初中最高（14.22%），高中次之（13.66%），小学最低（10.17%）。小学网络结构中无论有无NSSI行为，网络强度最强均为主观支持，接近中心性最强均为家庭功能；初中无NSSI行为学生网络强度最强为主观支持，有NSSI行为学生为自尊水平，接近中心性最强均为主观支持；高中有无NSSI行为学生网络强度最强均为自尊水平，高中无NSSI行为学生接近中心性最强为主观支持，有NSSI行为学生为表达抑制。小学边权重差异较大为家庭功能-自尊（E=0.093）、家庭功能-客观支持（E=0.087），初中差异较大为客观支持-主观支持（E=0.131）、家庭功能-冲动控制（E=0.109），高中差异较大为冲动控制-家庭功能（E=0.133）、主观支持-支持利用度（E=0.130）（P<0.05）。结论小学家庭过度介入和高中表达抑制可能是NSSI行为重要影响因素，缺少社会支持对初高中学生影响程度更高，主观支持、客观支持和对支持利用度联系强度是重要指标。

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and childhood abuse in transgender people and the mediating effect of emotional dysregulation traits in the association between childhood abuse and non-suicidal self-injury.Patients and methodsFrom May to October 2021, 296 female-to-male (FTM) and 675 male-to-females (MTF), with age of 24.5 ± 6.4 years, were recruited using peer-driven sampling and anonymous questionnaires in Guangdong Province. The Childhood Abuse Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+) emotion regulation ability scale and the DSM-5 Clinical Examination of Stereotypic Disorders were used to measure childhood abuse experiences, emotional dysregulation traits and self-injurious behaviour, respectively.ResultsChildhood abuse scores were positively correlated with both emotional dysregulation traits scores and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviours (p < 0.01), and emotional dysregulation traits scores were positively correlated with NSSI behaviours (p < 0.01); emotional dysregulation traits partially mediated the association between childhood abuse and NSSI behaviours, with the mediating effect accounting for 23.23% of the total effect. In addition, among the factors of childhood abuse, emotional dysregulation traits mediated the association between emotional abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect and NSSI behaviour significantly, with the mediating effect accounting for 22.48%–32.58% of the total effect.ConclusionTransgender NSSI behaviours are associated with childhood abuse and emotional dysregulation traits, and emotional dysregulation traits partially mediates the association between childhood abuse and NSSI behaviours, and screening for emotional dysregulation traits in transgender people and timely interventions are needed to improve the current situation of discrimination against transgender people.