Abstract
Introduction: 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is found in circulating blood and is regarded as an estimate of vitamin D status. Low circulating 25(OH)D levels are associated with a high body mass index (BMI), increased weight and the increased development of adipose tissue. This study aimed to determine the relationship between low 25(OH)D and cardio-metabolic risk factors among Ellisras young adults. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study that took place in a rural area at Ellisras in Limpopo Province South Africa. The study included 631 young adults (327 females and 304 males) aged between 20 and 29 years. Anthropometric measurements including height, weight and waist circumference were measured following standard procedures. Blood pressure, pulse pressure and blood parameters including fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides were also measured. Correlations and linear regression were performed to determine the relationship between low 25(OH)D and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Results: Descriptive statistics showed significant (p < 0.05) mean difference of LDL, HDL and blood pressure between males and females. There was a significant association between low 25(OH)D and WC (p = 0.010) based on Spearman correlation. There was no association found between low 25(OH)D and HDL in all models (B ranges from 0.072 to 0.075). There was also no association found between low 25(OH)D and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in all models (B ranges from −0.009 to −0.024). Conclusion: Low 25(OH)D was correlated with WC, and therefore with adiposity. Knowledge of the associations between 25(OH)D deficiency and cardio-metabolic risk before the development of the disease is therefore important to establish whether 25(OH)D supplementation can be used for the prevention of these conditions. Educational programmes should be implemented to educate the communities and the nation at large on how to prevent 25(OH)D deficiency.
Highlights
Vitamin D, referred to as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is a fat-soluble vitamin found in circulating blood and is regarded as an estimate of vitamin D status [1]
Males showed a higher mean of systolic blood pressure (SBP), DBP and HDL (125.89, 71.39 and 1.20, respectively) than females (114.13, 69.04 and 1.09, respectively), while females showed a higher mean body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) (24.91 and 82.20, respectively) than the males
A significant association was found between WC and low 25(OH)D, while there was no association between low 25(OH)D and BMI, LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, TG/HDL, TC/HDL, LDL/HDL SBP, DBP
Summary
Vitamin D, referred to as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is a fat-soluble vitamin found in circulating blood and is regarded as an estimate of vitamin D status [1]. 25(OH)D is physiologically a part of several human processes, including bone turnover and calcium homoeostasis, cardiovascular regulation, muscle and brain functions among others [2]. The deficiency of 25(OH)D has been discovered to be an independent risk factor for the potential development of cardiovascular disease risk factors [3]. Vitamin D’s mechanism on the cardiovascular system is by reducing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, reduction in blood pressure values, and having an anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertrophic, anti-proliferative, anti-diabetic, anti-thrombotic and anti-fibrotic effects, as well as a beneficial modulation on the typical cardiovascular. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7626; doi:10.3390/ijerph17207626 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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