The relationship between gap formation and grip-to-grip displacement during cyclic testing of repaired flexor tendons

Abstract

The assessment of repair site gap formation during cyclic loading of reconstructed flexor tendons provides important data on the performance of repair techniques in the early postoperative period. This study describes our cyclic testing protocol and evaluates the relationship between changes in optical gap and grip-to-grip displacement. Sixteen sheep hind limb deep flexor tendons were randomized into four repair groups (n=4 per group): a 2-strand repair (modified Kessler) and 4-strand repair (Adelaide), both with and without a simple running peripheral suture. Repaired tendons were cycled for 1000 cycles at appropriate rehabilitation loads for the reconstruction. Tendons were paused at 18 pre-determined cycle points to measure gap and displacement. A strong positively linear relationship between gap and displacement was demonstrated for all repair groups (R2>0.90). An initial non-linear region during the first 10 cycles was noted with some combined core and peripheral repairs. Although trends in displacement after 10 cycles can be used to reflect gapping behaviour, direct optical measurement of gap remains preferable. We hypothesized that the adjustment of suture strands and equilibration of forces within the reconstruction occurs mostly during the initial 10 cycles. Gap–cycle curves provide a good illustration of dynamic changes at the repair site, and should be added more frequently to cyclic testing studies.