Abstract
Microbially-produced acetate has been reported to beneficially affect metabolic health through effects on satiety, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and substrate utilization. Here, we investigate the association between sex-specific concentrations of acetate and insulin sensitivity/resistance indices (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), circulating insulin and Matsuda Index) in the Diet, Obesity and Genes (DiOGenes) Dietary study at baseline and after a low-calorie diet (LCD, 800 kcal/d). In this analysis, 692 subjects (Body Mass Index >27 kg/m2) were included, who underwent an LCD for 8 weeks. Linear mixed models were performed, which were adjusted for mean acetate concentration, center (random factor), age, weight loss, and fat-free mass (FFM). At baseline, no associations between plasma acetate and insulin sensitivity/resistance indices were found. We found a slight positive association between changes in acetate and changes in HOMA-IR (stdβ 0.130, p = 0.033) in women, but not in men (stdβ −0.072, p = 0.310) independently of age, weight loss and FFM. We were not able to confirm previously reported associations between acetate and insulin sensitivity in this large European cohort. The mechanisms behind the sex-specific relationship between LCD-induced changes in acetate and insulin sensitivity require further study.
Highlights
Microbially-derived acetate has been shown to play an important role in substrate and energy metabolism [1]
Fasting insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting glucose, body weight and fat-free mass (FFM) were higher in males, whilst the Matsuda index, free fatty acids (FFA), and ketone bodies were lower
We found a slight positive association between low calorie diet (LCD)-induced changes in acetate and changes in HOMA-IR and fasting insulin concentrations in overweight/obese women, but not in men, which was independent of age and changes in body composition
Summary
Microbially-derived acetate has been shown to play an important role in substrate and energy metabolism [1]. In rodents fed high-fat diets, beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity [2] and increased white adipose tissue browning have been reported [3]. Rectal acetate infusions have been shown to increase plasma peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 in hyperinsulinaemic overweight women [5]. Acute distal colonic acetate infusions and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) mixtures high in acetate decreased whole-body lipolysis, increased fasting fat oxidation, resting energy expenditure, and PYY secretion in overweight men [6,7]. Circulating acetate was positively associated with increased fat oxidation and energy expenditure [7]. A study reported that acetate produced in the distal colon contributes significantly to systemic acetate concentrations in men [8]. Cross-sectional analyses in Nutrients 2020, 12, 339; doi:10.3390/nu12020339 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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