Abstract
Guidance on the management of trees, especially pruning, is reviewed in relation to the tendency for trees, especially in later life, to differentiate into semi-autonomous “functional units”, represented by particular branches or stems. The recognition of such units provides a basis for assessing the tolerance of particular trees, especially veterans, to various degrees of pruning. The results are likely to be better than can be achieved by applying whole-tree criteria for the total amount of leaf area that can “safely” be removed.
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